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In the hope that a greater understanding can be gained as to what happened to the NZ Maori that Once Were Warriors.
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Iwi
In Pre-European times,
before colonisation
Maori had their own unique identity.Tribes of Maori were called Iwi and everybody belonged to one.
Your iwi name was usually the name of a person who rankedhighly within the tribe, a rangatira.
E.g. Ngati (meaning, belonging to) Porou are the descendants of Porourangi who ruled most parts of the East Coast of the North
Island.
Much like other people, Maori identity could be defined as having certain qualities that
made them unique.
Reo
Iwi
Maori had a language unique from any other country in the world. Although there were slight differences in dialects between tribes, the messages and meanings were never
lost.
Proverbs and genealogy were transferred through song, prayers and chants.
Native speakers were great orators and story tellers. The native language was described by some as a ‘poetic’
language.
Reo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Maori had a strong and unique culture. Customs and protocols of the people, influenced their way of thinking
and their way of living.
Tribal differences were very slight. Visiting tribes always followed the tikanga of their hosts if they wished to
return home safely and be welcomed again for a return visit.
The language is the vehicle which drives tikanga and kawa. Without it, what is our culture?
Mana TureReo
Iwi
Maori had control and power over their destiny.
They were their own authority. They had their
dignity, power and prestige intact.
Maori had their own laws. They had a system in which rules were made. They had lines of authority from the
Rangatira (Chief) and Tohunga (Expert*) to the
Mokai (slave).
Kawa / Tikanga
AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Maori had a system of learning that ensured that every person in the tribe became loyal and hardworking
members of the tribe for the benefit of all.
The system valued both male and female genders and at times separated learning areas to cater for extensive or
sensitive learning of their gender roles and responsibilities within the tribe.
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Maori had their land.
To the Maori, your genealogy doesn’t start from your grandparents and ancestors but to which mountain you
bow to. What river/lake or sea you feed from. What marae shelters you. What sub-tribe you wear the cloak of. And what tribe you will one day stand to fight for.
Land was and is owned by the tribe. It was never for personal gain but more for the welfare of all members of
the whanau, hapu and iwi.
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
As tribal numbers grew, some families broke away from the main village to build their own. This became a sub-tribe and was named after the
ancestor that moved away.
E.g. Ngati Konohi based themselves at Whangara, a tiny settlement in the East Coast of the North Island. The people there now are descendants of Konohi who moved his wives and children away from the main tribe. Porourangi is the first
ancestor so this sub-tribe is still part of the larger tribe, Ngati Porou.
Some Iwi have more than twenty different sub-tribes whilst some have as few as two.
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Within each hapu a family exists. This is the whānau.
Unions between men and women by arrangement were generally to defuse a war, trade for land or integrate into another tribe thus gaining land and
resources (much like a dowry).
Marriages of choice were rare but great love stories have been important enough (and told enough) to become part of the Maori myths and legends of
today.
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Mauri is the life force. Maori believe that it exists in all things. Carvings, food, physical objects all have their own mauri, their reason for being.
When Tane Mahuta breathed life into Hineahuone, part of his mauri passed through to her and she came to life.
Hence the Tihei Mauri ora at the end of speeches. The sneeze of life.
Wairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Maori had their own spiritual beliefs. They believed in a supreme being and also that each area of the universe was under the guardianship of a caretaker.
They prayed (Karakia) to the different guardians for good crops, safety, well-being, to give thanks etc, and sang their own waiata (songs) in chants much the same as other religious groups.
WhakaauteWairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Maori showed great respect for each other and their tribe. Men, women and children all knew their place. Elders were considered very wise and were cared for until their death. Their knowledge was passed down via oral stories and waiata.
Whakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Maori believed that whakamā played a major part in the discipline process and many proverbs are based around this concept.
Whakamā has many meanings such as shy, embarrass, shame, guilt, sensitive, degrade, remorse etc… depending on how it is used in a sentence.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Like whakamā, aroha also has many meanings. The most common is love. Some other meanings are: sorry, compassion, charity, mercy, pity, tenderness, endearment.
Aroha was another value that Maori treasured.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
All of these qualities remained strong under the umbrella of Tino Rangatiratanga.
Tino Rangatiratanga means independence. Maori were an independent race with strong values and an identiy.
What Happened?
What effect has colonisation had on Maori Identity?
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
New laws were set by European,
changing at whim to suit
the European. Maori laws
were disregarded
.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua
AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
Land confiscations
saw Maori lose millions of
acres of land.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua
AkorangaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
The mana of the Maori was
weakened with the loss of a major part of their sense of
belonging.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
Missionaries were opening
Native schools and Maori were being trained
(hardly educated) to
become ‘domestic’ help.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
It becomes ‘illegal’ to speak Maori language in schools and Maori children were being punished for speaking in
their native language.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
Iwi
Kawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
Customs and traditions were
being compromised as the language was diminishing. The
less Maori language, the
less the transfer and
understanding of these qualities
became.
Maori Identity and their foundations are becoming unstable.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
As land is confiscated or
sold, iwi head for the towns to
work or to try to take their
grievances to court. While
away from their homes, more land is lost. They fight as independents
and the connections between the
people start to unwind.
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Mauri
Tino Rangatiratanga
Hapu almost become non-existent as
tribes struggle to stay together.
Many sub-tribes go back to the larger
tribe and some become a forgotten people.
Mauri
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Tino Rangatiratanga
Whānau become
independent of the tribe and
continue to co-exist in towns and cities with the many new
immigrants coming into the
country. A whole
generation misses the
teachings of their elders due
to the assimilation
into the European
world.
Mauri
ArohaWhakamā WhakaauteWairu
a
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Tino Rangatiratanga
The old spiritual world of the
Maori is almost lost. Only the
Maori who didn’t leave their
homelands have maintained some of the ‘old ways’.
Esteem and pride of Maori are faltering.
Missionaries continue to oust
the ‘heathen ways’ of the
Maori and teach them to be ‘civilised’.
Mauri
ArohaWhakamāWairu
a
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Tino Rangatiratanga
PukuririMamae
Respect has been replaced by anger
and hurt.
Mauri
ArohaWhakamā
Wairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Tino Rangatiratanga
PukuririMamae
Aroha only means LOVE and SORRY
now. But there is little to give outside of the
nuclear whānau.
Mauri
ArohaWhakamā
Wairua
Whenua Akora
ngaMana TureReo
IwiKawa / Tikanga
Hapu
whānau
Tino RangatiratangaPukuriri
Mamae
And what of Independence?
PukuririMamae
Wairua
Mana
Hapu
Ture
Akoranga
Reo
Whenua
Kawa / TikangaIwi
Tino Rangatiratanga
Aroha
MauriWhakamā
whānau
To ponder…• With all of the qualities of Maori falling away, what
happens to Independence?• Tino Rangatiratanga has no foundation, no solid
walls and only a life force holding it up…. But can it do it alone?
• Can Independence be supported by Shame and Embarrassment? Should it?
• And what of the whānau. Are they able to maintain the values of their whole identity as a people without the beginning (tribe)?
• If we call the loss of culture ‘Evolution’, who or what do Maori become?
• If we accept to call it Evolution, whose beliefs and values become the ‘new’ Maori identity and will Maori be known by that new identity?