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GEOG 1: “MAPS”

CARTOGRAPHY: the art, science & technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents & works of art. It includes all types of maps, plans, charts, sections, 3D models, and globes representing the earth or any celestial body at any scale. � CARTOGRAPHY is a discipline as old as humankind and as young as today’s newspaper.

� The oldest known maps are preserved on Babylonian clay tablets from about 2300 B.C. Cartography

� In around 6200 BC in Catal Hyuk in Anatolia, a wall painting was made depicting positions of the streets and houses of the town together with some topographic features

� Medieval ‘T in O’ maps depicting the tripartite division of the world.

15

th century – discovery and distribution of Ptolemy’s

writings and maps 16

th century – interest in the outside world.

• Dutch cartography flourished with focus on balanced composition, expressive symbolism, good topographic and reference maps

The ultimate map for navigation of the world, as first

devised by Mercator (1569). On this projection, all straight lines are true bearings.

17

th century – development of accuracy and scientific

method

18th century – maps were less decorative and more

accurate and improved method of measuring earth distances 19

th century – introduction of metric system and invention

of lithography and color-printing 20

th century – advances in electronic technology have led

to a new revolution in cartography � Includes invention of photography, automation and computer application

� During this period, there was rapid population increase, expansion of urban centers, environmental protection and conservation

MAPS � geographer’s greatest ally, they often present enormous amounts of information very effectively through visual, numerical & conceptual form.

� it is an abstraction of reality used for analyzing, storing, & communicating information about the locations, attributes & interrelationships of physical & social phenomena that are distributed over the earth’s surface.

Value of Maps: 1. A way of recording & storing information; 2. A means of analyzing locational distributions & spatial patterns: (a) tool for visualizing spatial relationship; & (b) tool for analyzing conditions, processes or observations on the earth’s surface; and

3. As a method of storing & presenting information: maps are only as good as the information you store & present in it.

Characteristics of Maps: 1. Maps are drawn on a predetermined scale.

• Scale is a defined dimensional relationship between reality & map.

• Scale sets a limit on: a. the info that can be included b. manner that the info can be delineated/presented

2. Maps are selective.

� Show only features which are important for the purpose of the map

� Retain as many of the helpful features as can be without crowding the map.

3. Maps emphasize certain of the selected features. This is done through:

a. large symbols b. heavy lines c. prominent colors (black, red) d. inscriptions/ labels e. pointing arrows

4. Maps are symbolized

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GEOG 1: “MAPS”

5. Maps are generalized. This consists of achieving a level of detail appropriate for the purpose of a map. A map should be useful & recognizable representation of the real world yet does not overwhelm the viewer w/ excessive details. 6. Maps are lettered, titled, labeled. � Achieves a level of details appropriate for the purpose � A map should be useful & recognizable representation of the real world yet does not overwhelm the viewer with excessive details.

7. Maps involve transformations of various kind. � Distortion is inevitable, no map can perfectly represent reality

� Any map you look at could have been made in countless different ways, sometimes drastically altering your perception of what you see.

“All maps lie flat, and all flat maps lie.”

Factors that affected the growth of Cartography:

1. Two World Wars 2. Invention of Photography 3. Invention of Airplanes 4. Rapidly increasing population & urbanization 5. Automation & Computer Application

KINDS OF MAPS

MENTAL MAPS: � Cognitive maps. Maps in the head. � Psychological representations of locations that are made up from people’s individual ideas & impressions of these locations.

� It is the spatial representation that arises in memory. Most mental maps are based on experience, however, many are still based from pre-existing tangible maps.

� Mental maps exhibit distortion, biases & emotions. TANGIBLE MAPS: the typical map, aka paper maps. They are the maps that we know, make & use. REFERENCE MAPS (GENERAL PURPOSE MAPS): � displays objects & features of a given area (e.g. boundaries, land forms, rivers, etc)

� shows spatial association of a selection of diverse geographical phenomena shown ( roads, coastlines, bodies of water).

� Example: Topographic map, atlas, Political Map, Road Map

THEMATIC MAPS(SPECIAL PURPOSE MAPS): � demonstrates particular features � represents spatial dimensions of a particular conditions, processes or events.

� shows a particular theme � Example: Land Use Map, Climate Map, Soil Map, Population Density Map

Types of Thematic Maps: 1. DOT MAPS – uses dots or other symbol to represent a specified number of occurrences of some particular event or phenomena. 2. PROPORTIONAL (GRADUATED) SYMBOL MAP – uses polygons or other pre-assigned shapes that are in proportion to the frequency of occurrence of phenomena at a given location. 3. CHOROPLETH MAPS – tonal shadings are graduated to reflect area variations in number, frequency or density. 4. ISOPLETH MAPS – uses isolines which connects places of equal data value to portray spatial information. Other Map Types: 1. Cadastral Maps – geographic relationship among the various parcels of land, records property & boundaries. 2. Plan – Detailed map showing buildings, roadways etc. 3. Flow Line Map – uses variation in line width to represent variation in the amount of traffic or movement. 4. Aerial Photo 5. Charts – serves purposes of navigators, both nautical & aeronautical 6. Topographic Map – elevation map, designed to represent the form of the earth’s surface and to show permanent features such as buildings, mountains etc. 7. Picture Maps ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A MAP: 1. Title 5. Grid: Latitude & Longitude 2. Legend 6. Source of Information 3. Scale 7. Creator/ Publisher 4. North Arrow/Direction 8. Date of Publication Other Parts: 1. Series & Sheet Number 4. Declination Diagram 2. Index to Adjoining Sheet 5. Edition Note 3. Index Map 6. Coverage Diagram

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GEOG 1: “MAPS”

SCALE: dimensional relationship between reality & the map. It links the measurement in the map to the actual distance in the field.

Scale = (Map distance) / (ground distance) CLASSIFICATION (According to Robinson): 1. Small Scale (1:500,000 or more) - it covers wide areas such as countries & continents. Shows less detail and gives generalized info on the areas covered. 2. Medium Scale (between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000) 3. Large Scale (1:50,000 or less): shows restricted area in greater detail Note: there is no general consensus on the quantitative limits on the term small, medium & large. The term is relative. The smaller the scale, the more generalizations, more abstract & less accurate is the map. REPRESENTATIONS OF MAP SCALES: 1. Word Statement: ex: 10 cm to 1 km

Advantage: can relate map distance on a recognizable distance on the ground. Disadvantage: not convenient for measuring purposes.

2. Representative Fraction

Ex: 1:10,000 or 1 / 10,000 1: 250,000 or 1/ 250,000

Advantage: Accurate scale statements & is easily understood Disadvantage: Needs Conversion

3. Graphical Representation (most useful…daw)

Advantage: convenient for measuring distances. It is easy to measure actual distances. When map shrinks or expands, graphic scale expands or shrinks accordingly. MAP PROJECTION: a systematic drawing of lines representing meridians of parallels on a plane surface, either for the whole earth or some portions of it. It determines the set of rules for transforming 3-D to 2-D images. Concepts: � Non-developable surface: cannot be developed or flattened without distorting.

� Distortions are inevitable. � The projection to be used will depend on the purpose of the map.

� Mapping Surfaces: Plane surface (e.g. cones & cylinders)

There is no perfect projection. It depends on which

country or region you want to project.

PROPERTIES OF MAP PROJECTIONS: 1. AREA: all areas are in proper relative size although they can be much out of shape. Projection results to equal-area or equivalent maps (area is constant, shape is distorted: square can be rectangle but with the same area). 2. SHAPE: accurately portrays the shapes of small areas by preserving correct, angular relationships (ex: Mercator Projection). Results are called Conformal Maps (maps with true shapes for small distances). Note: a map cannot be both equivalent or conformal. 3. DISTANCE: maintains true distances in one direction or along certain selected lines. Results are called Equidistant projections. 4. DIRECTION: enables the user to measure correctly the directions from a single point to any other point, however directions between all points cannot be shown without distortion. Azimuthal Maps. METHODS OF PROJECTIONS: 1. Geometric – use of developable surface such as cone, cylinder or plane 2. Mathematical – use of mathematical formula TYPES OF PROJECTION: 1. PLANAR PROJECTION: constructed by placing a plane surface tangent to the globe at a given point. The point of tangency or contact (aspect) becomes the central point in the map. Point of contact may be North & South Pole, points along the equator, or any points in between.

Common planar projections:

a. Gnomonic Projections b. Stereographic Projection c. Orthographic Projection

2. CONIC PROJECTION: a cone is laid over a sphere, touching it in a small circle of latitude (standard parallel). As the height of the cone increases, the standard parallel gets closer to the equator. Standard Parallel is true to scale. The more important & useful conical projections are based on mathematical projections.

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GEOG 1: “MAPS”

Common Conic Projections:

a. Alber’s Equal-Area Projection b. Polyconic Projection c. Lambert Conformal Conic Projection

3. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION: similar to the cone, cylinders can be developed into a plane.

Common Cylindrical Projection:

a. Mercator Projection – commonly used for navigation. It is a projection of the earth on a cylinder tangent at the equator. It is a mathematical projection in order to be conformal. b. Transverse Mercator – An ordinary Mercator projection turned through a 90° angle so that it is related to a central meridian the same way the mercator is related to the equator.

4. Other projection: projections can be developed mathematically to show the world or portion of it in any shape that is desired: ovals, trapezoid, etc. Why the need to understand maps? � a sense of the layout of features in a place: knowing what is where

� an awareness of an area or a place: what type of place this is and what variety there might be in it

� the capacity to give/follow routes: finding the way � understanding spatial patterns: understanding effect of what is where

� planning for the future: appreciating the impact of change

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of geographically referenced data; integrated, spatial, data-handling programs which will collect, store, and retrieve spatial data from the real world; powerful tool in decision-making as they can incorporate co-ordinated data

Benefits of Computer Cartography 1) Level of output of maps has increased 2) It is cost-effective 3) The computer has relieved the cartographers from tedious tasks 4) The computer has allowed cartographers to set up a design loop Main Types of Spatial Data: POINT – used to represent a specific location e.g. house, church, traffic accident LINE – represents linear features e.g. roads, streams, and boundary POLYGON – an enclosed area such as parcels of lands, nations, fields, districts