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Essential Question:Essential Question:
Champion of Champion of the the
“Common Man”?“Common Man”?
““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR
Why Increased Democratization?Why Increased Democratization?3 White male suffrage increasedWhite male suffrage increased3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential
electors.electors.3 Spoils system.Spoils system.3 Rise of Third Parties.Rise of Third Parties.3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
etc.)etc.)3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832
election:election:Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs Whigs
(1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]
John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams[MA][MA]
John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun[SC][SC]
William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]
Opposition to John Quincy AdamsOpposition to John Quincy Adams
3 Some believed he allowed too much Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.political control to be held by elites.
3 Some objected to his support of national Some objected to his support of national economic development on constitutional economic development on constitutional grounds.grounds.
Adams believed a strong, active central Adams believed a strong, active central government was necessary.government was necessary.
A national university.A national university. An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory. A naval academy.A naval academy.
3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong president as a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual liberties.threat to individual liberties.
Tariff BattlesTariff Battles3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap
textiles.textiles.3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and more on iron goods and more
expensive woolen and cotton imports.expensive woolen and cotton imports.3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on
imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].imported raw materials [like wool & hemp]. Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes
from farmers in NY, OH, KY.from farmers in NY, OH, KY. The South alone was adamantly against it.The South alone was adamantly against it.
As producers of the world’s cheapest As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more expensive!English goods] were more expensive!
Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”
Land & Indian PoliciesLand & Indian Policies3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams:
His land policies gave westerners anothr His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him.reason to dislike him.
He attempted to curb speculation for public He attempted to curb speculation for public lands lands his opponent accused him of his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedoms denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!to expand westward!
He supported the land rights of Native He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.Americans against white settlers.
1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a treaty govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.their land rights to GA.
The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.renounce the treaty.
Congress sided with the governor of GA.Congress sided with the governor of GA.
The 1828 ElectionThe 1828 Election3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Jackson’s campaign was engineered by
Senator Martin Van Buren of NYSenator Martin Van Buren of NY He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old
Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of: Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans. Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners. Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.
He created the Democratic Party from He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:the remains of Jefferson’s old party:
Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units.oversaw local and state party units.
Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics. A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.
The New The New “Jackson Coalition”“Jackson Coalition”
3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier3 Artisans [competition from factory Artisans [competition from factory
labor].labor].3 State Politicians State Politicians spoils systemspoils system
To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]
3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of
Victory over his SupportersVictory over his Supporters
Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith
in the in the “Common Man”“Common Man”
3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.special privilege.
3 His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the“plain folk.”“plain folk.”
3 Belief that the common man was Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.
The The Webster-Hayne DebateWebster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster
[MA][MA]
Sen. Robert Sen. Robert HayneHayne[SC][SC]
18301830 WebsterWebster:: Liberty and Union, now andLiberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. forever, one and inseparable.
JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must beOur Federal Union—it must be preserved. preserved.
CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our liberty,The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. most dear.
Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads
to Despotismto Despotism
1832 Tariff Conflict1832 Tariff Conflict
3 1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff3 South Carolina’s reactionSouth Carolina’s reaction??3 Jackson’s responseJackson’s response??3 Clay’s “Compromise” Clay’s “Compromise”
TariffTariff??
Indian RemovalIndian Removal3 Jackson’s GoalJackson’s Goal??3 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831)
** “domestic dependent nation” “domestic dependent nation”3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)3 Jackson:Jackson:
John Marshall has made hisJohn Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce decision, now let him enforce it! it!
Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerJackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETOVETO
1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]
The National Bank DebateThe National Bank Debate
NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle
[an arrogant aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson
Opposition to the 2Opposition to the 2ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.
“Soft”(paper) $“Soft”
(paper) $“Hard”
(specie) $“Hard”
(specie) $
3 state bankers feltstate bankers feltit restrained theirit restrained theirbanks from issuingbanks from issuingbank notes freely.bank notes freely.
3 supported rapid supported rapid economic growth economic growth & speculation.& speculation.
3 felt that coin was felt that coin was the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.
3 didn’t like any bankdidn’t like any bankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.
3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.
The “Monster” Is Destroyed!The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
3 ““Pet Banks”Pet Banks”3 1832 1832 Jackson Jackson
vetoed the vetoed the extension of the 2extension of the 2ndnd National National Bank of the United States.Bank of the United States.
3 1836 1836 the charter expired. the charter expired.3 1841 1841 the bank went the bank went
bankrupt!bankrupt!
The Bank & 32 ElectThe Bank & 32 Elect3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill
to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!attempt to block his re-election!
Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Biddle & his associates preferred Clay. Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-
charter.charter. The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I
will destroy it!will destroy it!
Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.Martin Van Buren.
BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!principles, to many of the issues of the day!
The Specie Circular (1836)The Specie Circular (1836)
3 Speculators created Speculators created “wildcat “wildcat banks” banks” that fueled the that fueled the runaway inflation.runaway inflation.
3 So, buy future federal land So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.only with gold or silver. This move shocked the system.This move shocked the system.
3 Jackson’s goal Jackson’s goal to curb to curb the land speculation.the land speculation.
Results of the Specie CircularResults of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!