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1 7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries 7-2 Expressing ability: can and could 7-3 Expressing possibility: may, might, and maybe Expressing … 7-4 Using could to express possibility 7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I 7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you 7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to 7-8 Expressing advice: had better 7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must 7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to Expressing: … 7-11 Making logical conclusions: must 7-12 Tag questions with modal auxiliaries 7-13 Giving instructions: imperative sentences 7-14 Making suggestions: let's and why don't 7-15 Stating preferences: prefer, like...better, would rather CONTENTS

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Page 1: Modals powerpoint

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7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries7-2 Expressing ability: can and could7-3 Expressing possibility: may, might, and maybe Expressing … 7-4 Using could to express possibility7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to7-8 Expressing advice: had better7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to Expressing: …7-11 Making logical conclusions: must7-12 Tag questions with modal auxiliaries7-13 Giving instructions: imperative sentences7-14 Making suggestions: let's and why don't7-15 Stating preferences: prefer, like...better, would rather

CONTENTS

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

Somebody should clean up this mess.

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

can (a) Inga can play the violin. could (b) They couldn’t arrive on time.

may (c) It may be a nice day tomorrow.

might (d) It might be a nice day tomorrow.

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

should (e) Inga should go inside. had better (f) You had better go inside.

must (g) He must be gentle with the cat.

will (h) They will attend the recital.

would (i) I would like to meet her.

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

can could

maymight

should

had better

must

will

would

not followed by toInga can to play the violin.

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

no final -sInga can plays the violin.

can could

maymight

should

had better

must

will

would

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

not in past form

Inga can played the violin.

can could

maymight

should

had better

must

will

would

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

not in -ing form

Inga can playing the violin.

can could

maymight

should

had better

must

will

would

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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY + TO + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB

have to (j) You have to be on time.

to + simple form

ought to (m) He ought to be on time.

have got to (k) He has got to be on time.be able to (l) He is able to be on time.

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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE

She has ___ learn how to skate.to

toØ

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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE

toØ

She might ___ learn how to skate.Ø

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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE

She should ___ learn how to skate.Ø

toØ

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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

I can’t believe that!

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can ability in present or future

7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

(a) Dolphins can jump very high.

(b) They can swim long distances.

(c) They can be taught fancy tricks.

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three negative forms of can

7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

can’t (d) I cannot fix this computer. can not

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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

(e) Amy can play tennis.

(f) Doug can’t play tennis.

can unstressedsounds like “kun”

can’t sounds like “kæn”stressed

´´

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could = past form of can

7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

(g) When we were in college, we could play chess for hours.

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negative form of could

7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

(h) I couldn’t play chess in graduate school. I had to study all the time.

couldn’t or

could not=

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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

(i). Mia can use a camera. (j). Mia is able to use a camera.

(l). Mia was able to use a camera. (k). Mia could use a camera.

be able to ability

samemeaning

samemeaning

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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE

cancan’t

He is always upset when he _______ remember something.

can’t

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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE

cancan’t

A dolphin ______ run, but it ______ jump.

can’tcan

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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE

cancan’t

You ______ bring a horse

to water, but you ______

make him drink it.

can’t

can

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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

Maybe Alice heard some bad news.

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(a) It may snow this week.

(b) It might snow this week.

may, might possibility

samemeaning

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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I don’t know.We might beready by then.

I don’t know.We may beready by then.

Can we finish this by Monday?

(c)

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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(d) It may not snow this week.

(e) It might not snow this week.

Negative: may not, might not no contractions

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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(f) Maybe it will snow tomorrow.

COMPARE(g) Maybe the test will be hard.

(h) The test may be hard.

adverb

verb

maybe “possibly”beginning of sentence

may be = may + the main verb be

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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(i) Yes, you may borrow my pen.

(j) Sure, you can borrow my pen.

may permissioncan often used, too

more formal

less formal

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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(k) You may not borrow my pen.

You can’t borrow my pen.

may deny permissioncan often used, too

7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN

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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE

maybemay be

I _______ done with

this project tomorrow.

may be

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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE

maybemay be

_______ I’ll be done with this project tomorrow.

Maybe

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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE

maybecan

The boss told me that we ____ use the new color printer.

can

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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

This could be a long walk.

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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

Could you understand the lecture?

Not really. I could only understand the first few minutes.

(a)

could

past ability

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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

Why isn’t this working? I don’t think it’s

serious. It could just be a weak battery.

(b)

Could = present

possibility

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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY

This error could cause problems in

the whole company.

(c)

Could = future

possibility

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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE

presentOR

future

I’d like to visit a beautiful place.

We could go to Thailand.

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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE

Oh, no! This could be a problem!

presentOR

future

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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE

This car doesn’t run. The battery could

be dead. present

ORfuture

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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

May I help you?

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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

POLITE QUESTION

POSSIBLE ANSWERS

(a) May I please take your picture?(b) Could I please take your picture?(c) Can I please take your picture?

Yes.

Uh-huh.Yes. Certainly.

Of course.

Certainly.Sure.

Okay.

Yes. Of course.Sorry, not today.

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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

(d) Can I take your picture, please? (e) Can I take your picture?

POLITE QUESTION

please - at the endno please - also ok

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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Can I please borrow your car?

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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

May I borrow your car?

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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Could I borrow please your car?

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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

Would you please sit still?

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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

(a) Would you please explain that again?

(b) Could you please explain that again?

(c) Will you please explain that again?

(d) Can you please explain that again?

POLITE QUESTION

basically the same meaning

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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

(a) Would you please explain that again?

(b) Could you please explain that again?(c) Will you please explain that again?(d) Can you please explain that again?

POLITE QUESTION POLITE ANSWERS

Yes.

Yes. Of course.

Of course. I’d be glad to.

Sure.

I’m sorry. I don’t have time.

Certainly. Okay.

Uh-huh.

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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU

(a) Would you please explain that again?

(b) Could you please explain that again?(c) Will you please explain that again?(d) Can you please explain that again?

POLITE QUESTION

can is less formal

INCORRECT:May you pleaseexplain that again.

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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Could you wash my car yesterday?

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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Will you wash my car, please?

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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

May you please wash my car?

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

They should go home and get some rest.

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(a) I have a headache. I take a nap.should

ought to(b) INCORRECT: I should to take a nap.

(c) INCORRECT: I ought taking a nap.

should + simple form of verb

ought + + simple form of verbto

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(d) You need to study. You should not go out.

NEGATIVE: should + not = shouldn’t

You need to study. You shouldn’t go out.

Ought to not usually used in negative

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(e)

QUESTION: should + subject + main verb

Ought to not usually used in questions

I don’t understand the assignment.

What should I do?

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(f) You should come in to see

me.

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(f) You ought to come in to see

me.

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(g) Maybe you should come in to see me.

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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO

(g)

maybe + should, ought to softens advice

Maybe you ought to come in to see me.

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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE

should

You should go to the library.

I need a book about geology.

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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE

ought to

You ought to go to the library.

I need a book about geology.

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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE

maybe, should

Maybe you should goto the library.

I need a book about geology.

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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER

They had better go home and get some rest.

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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER

(a) I have a headache. I take a nap.should

ought tohad better

shouldought tohad better

samemeaning

good idea, good advice

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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER

(b) He’d better be careful. His pan is on fire!

Had better usually = warning

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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE

You’d better quit watchingTV all day.

Possible bad results?

eat too muchcatch a coldhurt your eyesnot study enoughnot exercise enough

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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE

He’d better not walk there.

Possible bad results?

fallget hurtget the flube embarrassedfail a test

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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE

He’d better stay awake in school.

Possible bad results?

miss somethingget hurtget in troublefail a testget the flu

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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

This man has to wear ear protection.

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(a) I want to become a doctor. I go to medical school.

have tohave got to

must

have tohave got tohad better

samemeaning

something is necessary

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(b) I need to hurry. I have to go tosoccer practice.

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(c) It’s late. We’ve got to go home.

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(d) Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane.

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

(e) Sally, you must clean your room every night.

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(b) I have to go to soccer practice.

(c) We’ve got to go home.

(d) Everyone must wear a seatbelt on an airplane.

(e) Sally, you must clean your room every night.

have tohave got tomust

most commoninformal conversationwritten instructionstalking to young children

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(f) Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?

(g) Did they all have to come?

Questions

have tohave got tomust

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(f) Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?

(g) Did they all have to come?

Questions

have tohave got tomust

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(f) Do you have to wear seatbelts in your car?

(g) Did they all have to come?

Questions

have tohave got tomust

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(h) We had to clean up the mess.

have tohave got tomust

Past form:

had to

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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(i) I have to (“hafta”) call my mom.

(j) Jason has to (“hasta”) work tomorrow.

(k) I’ve got to (“gotta”) cook dinner tonight.

/hӕftә/ or /hӕftu//hӕstә/ or /hӕstu/

/gadә/ or /gәtә/

PRONUNCIATION

7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Do I must wash all the dishes?

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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Do I have to wash all the dishes?

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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE

YESNO

?CORRECT

Do I have got to wash all the dishes?

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7-10 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

You mustn’t talk on the phone while you are

driving.

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(a) I mowed the yard yesterday. I don’t have to mow it this weekend.

not necessary

7-10 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

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(b) Alesha is on vacation. She doesn’t have to go to work today.

not necessary

7-10 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

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(c) You must not swim here.

(d) You must not swim in this water.

Prohibition(Do Not Do This!)

7-10 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

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(e) You mustn’t throw trash in the garden.

must + not = mustn’t

7-10 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT

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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE

We cleaned the house this morning.

We _________________________ now.don’t have to clean the house

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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE

I cooked dinner this morning.

I ______________________ tonight.don’t have to cook dinner

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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE

Swimming is prohibited.

You _______________ swim here.must not / mustn’t

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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

Mary and Artie are smiling.

They must be happy.

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best guess ORlogical conclusion

7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

That woman isvery funny.

She mustbe a

comedian.

(a)

must

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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

LOGICAL CONCLUSION (b) My friends went skydiving. They must be brave.

(c) To become a scientist, you must go to college.

NECESSITY

COMPARE

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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION (d) Jed smokes. He must not know that smoking is harmful. PROHIBITION(e) We need money for the future. We must not spend it all now.

COMPARE

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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE

necessityprohibition

logical conclusionnegative logical conclusion

Jenny swims everyday.

She must love to swim.

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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE

necessityprohibition

logical conclusionnegative logical conclusion

Smoking is not allowed.

You must not smoke.

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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE

necessityprohibition

logical conclusionnegative logical conclusion

If you want to graduate,

you must stay in school.

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7-12 TAG QUESTIONS WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES

You can keep a secret, can’t you?

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7-12 TAG QUESTIONS WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES

(a) You can keep a secret, can’t you?(b) He won’t say anything, will he?

(d) They couldn’t come, could they?(c) She should try, shouldn’t she?

(e) We would like to go, wouldn’t we?

Tag questions are common with

can, will, should, could, and would

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7-12 TAG QUESTIONS WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES

(f) You have to go, don’t you?(g) You don’t have to go, do you?

(i) He doesn’t have to leave, does he?(h) He has to leave, doesn’t he?

(j) You had to try, didn’t you?

Tag questions also with

have to, has to, and had to

(k) You didn’t have to to try, did you?

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7-12 TAG QUESTIONS WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES

(f) You have to go, don’t you?(g) You don’t have to go, do you?

(i) He doesn’t have to leave, does he?(h) He has to leave, doesn’t he?

(j) You had to try, didn’t you?

Tag questions also with

have to, has to, and had to

(k) You didn’t have to to try, did you?

use forms of do

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7-12 LET’S PRACTICE

They ______________ stop working, _____________?

shouldshouldn’t they

should

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7-12 LET’S PRACTICE

She ______________ work today, _____________?

doesn’t have todoes she

have to

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7-12 LET’S PRACTICE

She ______________ like to ask a question, _____________?

wouldwouldn’t she

would

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7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Listen to me!

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COMMAND

Yes, Mom.(a)

Sit down! You are in trouble.

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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REQUEST Sit down,please. I want to talk to you.

Okay, Mom.(b)

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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DIRECTIONS(c) Emma: So, where should I turn?

Adam: In two miles, turn right. Then drive five miles to the hotel on the left.

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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imperative sentences

give commandsmake polite requestsgive directions

COMMAND

REQUEST

DIRECTIONS

(a) Sit down!(b) Sit down, please.(c) Turn right. Then drive five miles.

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(d) Slow down!

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(d) Slow down!

(e) Please slow down!

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(f) Come on!

subject of sentence = you (unspoken)

(d) Slow down!

(e) Please slow down!

(f) Come on!

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(g) Don’t worry. I won’t fall.

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(g) Don’t worry. I won’t fall.

(h) Please don’t drive so fast.

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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(g) Don’t worry. I won’t fall.

(h) Please don’t drive so fast.

(i) Don’t do that again.

Don’t + simple form of a verb

7-13 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

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7-13 LET’S PRACTICE

commandrequest

directions

Please don’t worry about me.

?

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7-13 LET’S PRACTICE

To use chopsticks, keep one finger over the other, and use your thumb to direct the movement.

commandrequest

directions?

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7-13 LET’S PRACTICE

Don’t swing so high!

commandrequest

directions?

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7-14 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

Let’s try this approach.

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7-14 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

Let’s buy this one. It looks

good. That’s okay with me.

(a) Why don’t we buy this one? It looks good.

(b)

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7-14 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

(a) Let’s buy this one.

(b) Why don’t we buy this one?

samemeaning

suggestions about activities

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7-14 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T

(c)

friendly suggestion

I don’t know which classes

to take.

Why don’t you ask your

advisor?

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7-14 LET’S PRACTICE

Let’s

___________ together.Let’s study

We have a big test tomorrow.

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Why don’t we

7-14 LET’S PRACTICE

We have a big test tomorrow.

________________ together?Why don’t we study

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________________at this line?

I don’t understand this report.

Why don’t you

Why don’t you look

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7-15 STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER, WOULD RATHER

I would rather have a motorcycle than a car.

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(a) I prefer motorcycles to cars.

prefer + noun + to + noun

(b) I prefer riding on a motorcycle to riding in a car.

prefer + -ing verb + to + -ing verb

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like + noun + better than + noun

(c) I like motorcycles better than cars.

(d) I like riding a motorcycle better than driving in a car.

like + -ing verb + better than + -ing verb

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(e) Ray would rather have a cat than a dog.(f) INCORRECT: Ray would rather has a cat.(g) I’d rather buy dinner than cook it.(h) INCORRECT:

I’d rather buy dinner than to cook it.I’d rather buy dinner than cooking it.

would rather simple form of verb

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Contraction of would = l’d.

(i) I’d/You’d/She’d/He’d/We’d/They’d rather have a motorcycle.

(j) Would you rather have a car or a motorcycle?

would rather or

polite situations / offers a choice

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7-15 LET’S PRACTICE

thanto

I like to play badminton better ____ tennis.than

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7-15 LET’S PRACTICE

I prefer badminton ___ tennis.to

thanto

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7-15 LET’S PRACTICE

I would rather play badminton ____ tennis.than

thanto

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