Moneran Kingdom

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THE FIVE KINGDOM

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Introduction to Bacteria

2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:

•Bacteria

-Get food from an outside source

•Blue-green Bacteria

-Make their own food

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BACTERIA

Bacteria - small one celled monerans

Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment

They are found almost everywhere:

-water -air

-soil -food

-skin -inside the body

-on most objects

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Spiral:spirilla

rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus

Round:cocci

3 Shapes of 3 Shapes of BacteriaBacteria

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

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3 Shapes of 3 Shapes of BacteriaBacteria

Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus)

Neisseria meningitidis (coccus)

Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

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7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

•Capsule

•Cell wall

•Ribosomes

•Nucleoid

•Flagella

•Pilli

•Cytoplasm

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Capsule


keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

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Cell wall


Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

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Ribosomes


cell part where proteins are made

Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs

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Nucleoid


a ring made up of DNA

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Flagella


a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

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Amimation of E.coli

http://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pages/jjani_qt/ecoli_qt.html

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Pilli


hollow hair-like structures made of protein

allows bacteria to attach to other cells.

Pilli-singular Pillus-plural

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Cytoplasm


clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

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•Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms

•Fission is a type of asexual reproduction

Reproduction of Reproduction of BacteriaBacteria

How?...The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itselfThen it divides into two

•Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent

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BINARY FISSION

Bacteria dividing Completed


http://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm

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•The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are

•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions

•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes

(one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)


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Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring

DNA replication

Cell wall synthesis

Cell separation

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Bacteria Survival

Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell

•they are the major cause of food poisoning

•they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions•it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

•allows the bacteria to survive for many years

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Bacillus subtilisEndospore-the black section in the middle

highly resistant structures

can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.

Bacteria Survival

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Bacteria Survival – Food sources

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes – use dead materials for food (exclusively)

decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals

important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

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Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:•Air•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush•Drinking water that contains bacteria

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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Harmful Bacteria

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Helpful Bacteria•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into

the soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay

•Most are used to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals

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E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria

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•Used to treat sewage

Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess.

•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

Helpful Bacteria

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Controlling Bacteria3 ways to control

bacteria:1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria

•endospores are killed during this process

2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria

3) Dehydration- removing water from food•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is

removed •example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

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Controlling BacteriaAntiseptic vs. Disinfectants

Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things

•means – “against infection”

Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash

Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIAAutotrophs – make their own

food through photosynthesis

commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams

larger than most bacterial cells

Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs

food source for animals that live in the water

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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA

Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

can be toxic to humans and animals

http://www.clf.org/gifs/BlueGreen-Algae.jpg

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Bacteria Survival

Endospore- •a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell

•it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

•They can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions

•Allows the bacteria to survive for many years

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Bacteria Survival – Food sources

parasites – bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes – use dead materials for food

decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals

important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them

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Harmful Bacteria • some bacteria cause diseases

•Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:•Air•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush•Drinking water that contains bacteria

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Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Harmful Bacteria

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Helpful Bacteria•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into

the soil for other organisms to grow

•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay

•Most are sued to make antibiotics

•Some bacteria help make insulin

•Used to make industrial chemicals

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E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria

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Controlling Bacteria

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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA

Make their own food through photosynthesis

Bigger than most bacterial cells

Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams

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BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA

It can be toxic to humans and animals

Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers

and form scum on the top of the water

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Lak

e Ch

amp

lain

http://www.clf.org/gifs/BlueGreen-Algae.jpg

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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 21185A

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Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 97214E

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Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)

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Strep animationhttp://www.hybridmedicalanimation.com/pages/jjani_qt/strep_pneumo_qt.html

Ecoli movement animatoin


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Ecoli movement animatoin


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HIV moviehttp://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Video/HIV.mov

Education

Moneran Kingdom