Explain how the Monroe

Doctrine and the concept of

Manifest Destiny affected the

United States’ relationships

with foreign powers...

Compare the economic

development in different

regions (the South, the North,

And the West) of the United

States during the early

nineteenth century, including

ways that economic policy

contributed to political

controversies.

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NOTE:

This is the last election in which the Federalist Party participated in a national election.

James Monroe (R-VA)

Fifth President of the U.S.1817-1825

Last of the “Virginia Dynasty”

Continental Army Veteran

Former Antifederalist

“Era of Good Feeling”Re-election nearly unanimous

http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe

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NATIONALISM

1824

Henry Clay’s “American System”

1. National Bank– First B.U.S. had expired in 1811

2. Internal Improvements– Infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals)

3. Protective Tariff– Build and protect domestic

manufacturing

The Economics of Nationalism

Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian?

Henry Clay’s “American System”

1. National Bank– Second B.U.S. chartered in 1816

2. Internal Improvements

3. Protective Tariff– Tariff of 1816

The Economics of Nationalism

Strict or Loose Construction?

Wait... There’s more!

Calhoun’s “Bonus Bill”“for constructing roads and canals, and improving the navigation of water courses, in order to facilitate… internal commerce among the several States, and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense…”

Calhoun

QUESTION:Is an election map always an accurate measure of the national political climate?

NORTH SOUTH WEST

EconomyCommerce

ManufacturingAgriculture

Agriculture

Developing

Political Leaders

Daniel

WebsterJohn C.

CalhounHenry

Clay

Political Issues

Tariff (+)

Slavery (-)

Tariff (-)

Slavery (+)

InternalImprovements

Henry Clay’s “American System”The Economics of Nationalism

Who Benefits? Who doesn’t?

1. National Bank– First B.U.S. had expired in 1811

2. Internal Improvements– Infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals)

3. Protective Tariff– Build and protect domestic

manufacturing

The Missouri Question

The First Crisis of the Union

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

1. Are all states in the Union equal, or are some “more equal than others”?

2. Can Congress impose conditions on new states that all states don’t have to follow?

Tallmadge Amendment(1819)

"And provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited…

and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years."

Rep. James Tallmadge, Jr.(R- NY)

Bicameralism at Work“Concurrent Majority”

SENATE HOUSE

Passed

withTallmadge

Amendment

Passed

withoutTallmadge

Amendment

CONFERENCE

The Man of the Hour…

Henry Clay’s

Compromise Proposal:

1. Admit Maine as a Free State

2. Admit Missouri as a Slave State

3. Prohibit slavery in the territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36˚30’ parallel.

36˚30’

SLAVERY

The Sage of Monticello…

Slavery

Primary Source: Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820

The South

A South Carolina Perspective…

During the debate, Charles Pinckney (SC) defended slavery as a positive good.

Pinckney’s opinions did not hold much water outside of South Carolina at the time, but as Northerners continued to criticize slavery, more Southerners began to defend the institution.

Pinckney’s SpeechPinckney

Bicameralism at Work“Concurrent Majority”

SENATE

Passed

Clay’s Compromise

Passed

Clay’s Compromise

HOUSE

Crisis Averted… Let’s Review

Henry Clay’s

Compromise Proposal:

1. Admit Maine as a Free State

2. Admit Missouri as a Slave State

3. Prohibit slavery in the territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36˚30’ parallel.

The American Colonization Society

• Founded 1816

• Liberia

– Colony established in Africa

– Capital: Monrovia

Henry ClayCharter Member

aka: The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America

Notable Members of ACS

• James Madison (U.S. President)

• James Monroe (U.S. President)

• Daniel Webster (U.S. Senator)

• Stephen Douglas (U.S. Senator)

• Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)

• Francis Scott Key (The Star Spangled Banner)

• John Marshall (Chief Justice)

Membership Certificate signed by James Madison

Sold for $928 in

2006

Madison served as President of the ACS

from 1833-1836

The Cotton Gin

Mechanizedcotton

productionEli Whitney

Of Massachusetts

From Harper’s Weekly (1869)

“King Cotton”

The South’s dependence

on slavery0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1830 1860

Cotton Production

The (in)Effectiveness of Colonization

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

1820 1860

Number of Slaves in U.S.

Number of Freed Slaves Colonized

2,500,000 / 12,000 = 208

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuLWgVOLbG4

The Monroe Doctrine“The American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .”

-- From Monroe’s Seventh Annual Message

EUROPE: KEEP OUT!!!

READ MY

NEW

COLONIES

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The end of an era…