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Ancient Egypt & Kush Nile River Valley

Nile river valley egypt & kush

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Page 1: Nile river valley  egypt & kush

Ancient Egypt & Kush

Nile River Valley

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The water, fertile soil, and protected setting of the Nile Valley allowed a great civilization to arise in Egypt around 3200 BC

Big Idea (Geography)

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Egypt’s Geography • Developed along

750 miles of the Nile River• Two regions:

- Southern region called “Upper Egypt”-location is upriver from the Nile’s flow - “Lower Egypt”-located in northern Egypt downriver

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The Nile River created a 13 mile wide fertile river valley in Upper Egypt (surrounded by hundreds of miles of desert on both sides)

Cataracts- First marks the border of upper Egypt, five more downstream

Delta- flow into the Mediterranean Sea, 2/3 of Egypt’s fertile farmland was located in the Nile Delta

Floods- easier to predict that those in the Tigris & Euphratesflooded Upper Egypt midsummerFlooded Lower Egypt fallCoated land with rich silt

“The Gift of the Nile”

Video of 1st cataract

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Egypt was hard to invade!Vast deserts to the westMediterranean & Red Seas to the northDangerous cataracts

With little threat of invasion the villages of Egypt grew as well as their social hierarchy.

By 3200 BC, the villages banded together to create two kingdoms: the Upper and Lower KingdomsEarly on each kingdom had its own king and

way of life.

Egypt’s Natural BarriersUpper- City Nekhen

Lower- City Pe

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Hunter-gathers moved in to the area about 12,000 years ago

Farmers built:Irrigation systemsBasins to collect flood waterCanals attached to basins for dry months

Farmers grew:Wheat BarleyFruitsVegetablescattlesheep

Early Civilization on the Nile

• The also fished in the Nile and used traps to catch wild geese and ducks that lived along the river as well

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Growth of Ancient Egypt

The Nile provides life.

Natural barriers provide

protection.• Fertile soil for crops

• Water for people, animals, and irrigation

• Deserts• Cataracts

along the Nile• Bodies of

water

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Nile Similarities Tigris & Euphrates

Predictable flooding

Provided water Destructive

Gentler flooding pattern

Irrigation led to increased crop production

Unpredictable flooding

Silt enriched the soil

Civilizations arose on their banks

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You are preparing for a trip to Egypt to study the culture. You need a map to help you navigate. Task:Draw a map of ancient Egypt. Label:

Map Activity

Water Features:Nile RiverNile DeltaBlue Nile & White NileMediterranean SeaRed SeaDead SeasLake MoerisLocation of cataracts

Geographic LocationsSinai Peninsula Upper & Lower EgyptWestern & Eastern Deserts

CitiesNubiaKushPeMemphisThebesNekhenElephantine

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Kings Unify Egypt• 3100 BC- Menes takes power in Upper

Egypt• He wanted to unify Egypt like his

predecessor- The Scorpion King

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• He united the two kingdoms by• Invading Lower Egypt• Married a princess from Lower

• Combined the white crown of the Upper and red crown of the lower to symbolize his leadership over both kingdoms

------------------------------------------------------------------• First pharaoh- “great house”• Built new capital (Memphis) @ southern tip of the

Nile• Political & cultural center of Egypt for centuries

• First dynasty lasted ~ 200 years (wore double crown)• Rivals challenged for power-start of the second

dynasty

King Menes

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Big Idea: Egyptian government & religion were closely connected during the Old Kingdom

Take notes using this organizer form.

The Old Kingdom

Government Religion

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A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.

Political system based on the belief that the pharaoh was both a king & a god.

Beliefs about the pharaoh:Egypt belong to the godswas sent by the gods to rule for themhad absolute power over all the land & people

The Egyptian people:Blamed Pharaoh for crop failure or diseaseDemanded that pharaoh make trade profitable and

prevent warsPharaoh appointed government officials from their

family to help carry out duties

The Old Kingdom

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Social Structure

& slaves

Noble: people from rich & powerful families

80% of Egypt’s population

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Old Kingdom Bartering Bartering- trading goods with others

Cultural diffusion- Sumerian designs found in Egyptian pottery & pottery similar to Nubia, south of Egypt

Traded with Nubia for gold, ivory, slaves and stone

Travelled to Punt to acquire incense & myrrh (to make perfume and medicine)

Traded with Syria for wood

Q: What effect did these bartered items have on Egyptian society in the Old Kingdom?

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Worshipping the gods was part of everyday lifeMost customs & rituals focused on the AfterlifeLike Mesopotamia, they were polytheistic Temples were built for the gods throughout Egypt

Collected payments Led to their growing influence

Originally temples were for worship of all gods but they became the center of worship for certain gods

Q: Compare Polytheism in Mesopotamia & Egypt.

That Good Ole’ Religion

The Temples of Abu Simbel

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had a god for nearly everything, including the earth’s four elements

Believed gods took the form of animals or half-human/ half- animals

Major gods:Anubis-God of the deadRe or Amon-Re- the sun godOsiris- god of the underworld: Very important

to EgyptIsis- goddess of magicHorus- a sky god & god of the pharaohs

Egyptian Gods

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The AfterlifeMost Egyptian religion surrounded the

AfterlifeBelieved the Afterlife was a much

happier ideal place where people were young and healthy

ka- a person's life force Left the body and became a spiritRemained connected to the body and could not leave the burial siteHad the same needs as when the person was living

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People meet the need of ka by filling the tomb with:

FurnitureClothingToolsJewelryWeaponsRelatives would leave food and

beverages at the tomb so the ka would not be hungry or thirsty

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Replica of Tutankhamen's tomb

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Archeology of Ancient Egypt

Video: the Real Tomb Raider 4:21

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Believed the body must be preserved for the afterlifeif the body decayed the ka wouldn’t recognize it and

the link with the body would be severedthat would led to the ka not being able to eat and

drink

To solve this they developed the method of embalming- creating mummies

Body was wrapped in cloths and bandagesPlaced in a coffin with magic spells written in it to

help ka find the food and beveragesOnly the royal and elite could afford to be

mummified

Burial Practices

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Peasants would bury their dead in shallow graves at the edge of the desert. The dry sand & lack of moisture created natural mummies

Mummification Song- 29 sec

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Believed burial sites & royal tombs were very important

Pyramids- huge stone tombs for kings with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point at the top(similar in size to Ziggurats)

Most were built during the Old Kingdom eraThe Great Pyramid of Kuhfu is the largest still standing

Near town of GizaCovers 13 acres at the base and is 481 feet

hightook 2 million limestone blocks to build

The Pyramids

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Most Famous Pharaoh- Khufu

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Amazing feat of engineeringThe greater the Pharaoh= the bigger the

pyramidThe shape pointing to the sky = journey to the

afterlifeWhy did the people built the Pyramids?

People believed the Pharaoh was their link to the gods & their afterlives

So they built spectacular pyramids to keep the spirit of the Pharaoh happy

Symbolism of the Pyramid

Video DYI Pyramid- 59 sec

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Egyptians had to have a good understanding of Geometry in order to successfully build the pyramids. Each side of the pyramid must have an upward and inward slope at the exact some angle in order to support itself. Little miscalculations or mistakes early in the building process could lead to huge errors and/or disasters later! Task:- Imagine you are a designer/builder of Kuhfu’s

pyramid. You will need to research designs and geometry needed to build a pyramid.

- Build and label a model pyramid to demonstrate your findings. Included a brief written description of the building process and the effect it may have had on the actual people who built the pyramids.

The Geometry of Pyramids

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During the Middle and New Kingdoms order, order and greatness were restored in Egypt

The Egyptians made lasting achievements in writing, architecture, and art.

Big Idea- Middle & New Kingdoms

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Period of order & stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.

Building & maintaining pyramids was expensiveLed to a decline in wealth because Pharaohs

could not collect enough taxes to keep up with expenses

Nobles gain power & challenge the pharaohsBy 2200 BC the Old Kingdom has fallen

Next 160 years nobles battle each other over power

No central power to leadEgypt is in chaos disrupting tradeChaos causes farming to decline-leads to

faminePharaoh Mentuhotep II brings stability in

2050 BC

The Middle Kingdom

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Pharaohs again had trouble holding the kingdom together

mid-1700s BC: invaded by the Hyksos of Southwest Asia- ruled Egypt for 200 yearsUsed horses, chariots, & advanced weapon to

attack Lower EgyptEgyptians revolted against the Hyksos

mid-1500s BC- Ahmose of Thebes pushed the Hyksos out of EgyptOnce the Hyksos were all out, he declared himself king of all Egypt

The End of the Middle Kingdom

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Period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory (1550-1050 BC)

Begins with Ahmose’s rise of the 18th DynastyConquest & trade brought great wealth to the

PharaohsUnited Egypt againTook control of all possible routes to prevent

future invasions by others

The New Kingdom

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Conquered Syria to the north, all of the Mediterranean shore, & Kush south of EgyptBy 1400s BC empire extended from

Euphrates River to southern Nubia Conquests made Egypt richKingdoms that were conquered sent

treasures to EgyptEX: Kush (kingdom in Nubia), Assyria,

Babylon, and Hittite kings sent payments/ gifts to try and maintain good relationships

Military Conquests

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Trade routesQueen Hatshepsut- Textbook page 97 & map

page 98

Growth & its Effects on Trade

• She sent Egyptian traders south to trade with the kingdom Punt on the Red Sea and north to trade with the people of Asia Minor and Greece

• Many monuments & temples built during her reign

• Pharaohs used wealth from trade to support the arts and architecture

Expedition to Punt- 5:00

Meet the Queen 1:24

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Ramses the Great (longest reign in history) fought:the Hittites for years- led to a peace treaty b/c

neither side could winTehenu invaded the Nile Delta- Ramses pushed

them back & built a series of forts in the western front for security

After Ramses’ death- Sea People (strong warrior people) attacked in the west

Took 50 years to fight they offLost empire in AsiaMarks the end of the New KingdomEgypt fell into violence and chaos again

Egypt would never again regain its power

Invasions of Egypt- textbook page 101

Video- 2min

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Two New Kingdom Rulers

Queen Hatshepsut

Ramses the Great

Challenges -Husband died, leaving the throne to his son by another wife-objections to rule by a woman

-had to fight the Hittites-faced invaders from the west

Accomplishments

-took over as ruler when her husband died-stayed in authority over many objections-increased trade-built many monuments & temples

-kept the Hittites from conquering Egypt-built forts to strengthen western frontierBuilt monuments

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Review your Social Hierarchy PyramidDaily did not change much through the rise

and fall of Dynasties in EgyptAs populations grew- society became more

complex resulting in the need for people to take on different jobs.

-make this table in your notes to take notes on each job

Daily Life in Egypt

Scribes Artist & Architects

Soldiers Farmers & Peasants

Slaves

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Scribes • Highest honor (for civilian)

• Worked for the government & temples

• Kept records & accounts of the state

• Wrote & copied religious & literary text

• Did not have to pay taxes

• Many became wealthy

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Below scribesRequired advanced skillsSculptors, builders, carpenters,

jewelers, metal workers, and leather workersMost worked for government or

templesMade statues, furniture, jewelry,

pottery, footwear, painted Pharaoh’s tombs, ect

Architects designed temple, royal tombs

Talented architects could become government officials

Artist & Architects

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Achievements- Temples, Tombs, & ArtTextbook page 104-105

Sphinxes- imaginary creatures with the body of a lion and head of another animal or human

Obelisk- tall, four sided pillar that is pointed on top

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Vivid colors on canvas, papyrus, pottery, plaster, and wood

Depicted historical events, religious rituals, the afterlife, and everyday life

Painting was very distinctive:Peoples heads and legs are always seen from

the sideUpper body and arms seen from straight onPeople were painted different sizes to

represent statusAnimals were drawn mostly realistically

Egyptian Art

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Professional army created in the New Kingdom

Offered rise in status

Given land and could keep treasure they captured in war

Officers were chosen by excelling as a soldier

Soldiers

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Farmers & Peasants • Made up most of Egypt’s

population• Used wooded hoes or

cow-drawn plows to prepare the land before the annual floods

• After the flood water receded they planted seeds and worked together to harvest crops

• Had to pay taxes in food to the pharaoh

• Subject to special duty- pharaoh could call them to build pyramids, mine gold, or fight in wars

Wife Swap 3:42

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Slaves• Only a few in

Egypt• Considered

lower than Peasants

• Worked on farms, building projects, and in households

• Had some legal rights

• In some cases they could earn their freedom

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Lived in own homesExpected to marry young so they could start having

childrenWomen were devoted to the home and children

Some served as priestess or worked as administrators & artists

Unlike other women of the ancient world- they had certain legal rights:Own property, make legal contracts, & divorce their

husbandsChildren played with toys , had ball games, and

huntedMost went to school to learn morals, writing, math , &

sportsAt age 14- Boys left school to enter their father’s profession

Family Life

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Hieroglyphic- Egyptian writing system; “to teach”

Used more than 600 symbolsEach symbol represented one

or more symbols of the Egyptian language

Written horizontally or vertically

And left to right or right to leftMade writing easy, but

reading very hardThe individual symbols show

which way the text is written

Achievements- Writing

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Earliest writing from 3300 BC- carved in stone/ hard materials

Papyrus-long lasting paper-like material made from reedsRolled it into a scrollScribes sued brushes and ink to write on it

Papyrus did not decay in the dry climate- many text survived Historians have uncovered: government &

historical records, science texts, medical manuals, stories, poems, and mythological tales

Ex: The Book of the Dead- tell about the afterlife

More Writing Achievements

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A stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphicsFound by a French soldier in 1799Included hieroglyphics, text in Greek, and a

later form of EgyptianBecause scholars knew how to read Greek

they were able to decipher what the hieroglyphics said

The Rosetta Stone

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Big Idea: the kingdom of Kush, which arose south of Egypt in a land called Nubia, developed an advanced civilization with a large trading network

Main ideas: 1. geography helped civilization develop

there2. Kush & Egypt traded, but also fought each

other3. Later Kush became a trading power with a

unique culture4. Both internal and external factors led to the decline of Kush

Ancient Kush

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Established the first great kingdom in interior Africa

Fertile silt flood plains (today covered by desert)

Rich in minerals: gold, cooper, and stone

Flood plains allowed for a summer & winter crops

Grew wheat, barely, & other grains

Banks of Nile became graze land for livestock- by 3500 BC

Geography of Early Nubia

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Through trade- Kush was introduced to many new cultures and idea

Influenced by EgyptiansSimilar temples, gods, clothes, Kush rulers

called themselves Pharaoh and were buried in pyramids

Unique Kushite Culture:Houses in the city were formed by

interweaving split pieces of palm wood or bricks

Had their own unique written language too- Meroitic

Worshipped some of their own gods as well

Cultural Diffusion

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Chapter 4 Standardized Test Practice:

Textbook page 117#1-7

Let’s Practice!!!