Copyright Sautter 2003

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SPACITAL ORIENTATION OF ORBITALS ISDESIGNATED BY SUBSCRIPTS FOR THE

p, d ORBITALS AND f ORBITALS. S ORBITALSREQUIRE NO DESIGNATION SINCE THERE

IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE S ORBITAL.

p ORBITALS OCCUR IN THREES, d ORBITALS IN FIVES AND f ORBITALS IN SEVENS.

THEREFORE IN THE CASES OF p, d AND fORBITALS EACH ONE REQUIRES SPECIFIC

IDENTIFICATION IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE ONE ORBITAL OF THE SAME TYPE FROM

ANOTHER.

S ORBITALSHAPE

1S

P ORBITALSHAPES

PX

PY

PZ

D ORBITALSHAPES

dz2

dyz dxz

dxz dx2-y2

TYPES OF HYBRID ORBITALS & BONDS

S ORBITAL OVERLAPSP BONDINGSP2 BONDINGSP3 BONDING

LONE PAIR ELECTRONSMULTIPLE BONDS (DOUBLE & TRIPLE)

SIGMA BONDSPI BONDS

WHEN TWO HYDROGEN ATOM COMBINE TO FORMH2 THE 1S ATOMIC ORBITALS OVERLAP EACHOTHER.THIS OVERLAP OF ATOMIC ORBITALS GIVES A NEW

COMMON ORBITAL SPACE WHERE A PAIR OF BONDINGELECTRONS CAN RESIDE. THE GREATER THE OVERLAP

THE STRONGER THE BOND BETWEEN THE ATOMSAND THE ATOMS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER. A SHORTER BOND LENGTH AND GREATER BOND ENERGY RESULTS.

1S ORBITALOVERLAP

IN H2

1S1S

H H

SP3 HYBRIDORBITALS IN

CH4

SP3 HYBRIDORBITALS IN

H2O

LONE ELECTRONS

PAIRS

END TO END OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS YIELDS SIGMA BONDS.

( = SIGMA BONDING)

SP3 HYBRIDORBITALS IN

C2H6

SIGMABOND

SIDEWAYS OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS IN THE FORMATION OF

DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS YIELDS PI BONDS. THE PRIMARY BOND IN A

MULTIPLE BOND IS A SIGMA BOND AND THE SECONDARY BONDING IS PI BONDING. ( = PI BONDING)

SP2 HYBRIDORBITALS IN

C2H4

PI BOND

SIGMABOND

SP HYBRIDORBITALS IN

C2H2

PI BOND

SIGMABOND

PI BOND