Organelles from Cells

Group 3

PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

Plasma (cell) Membrane

• Encloses cytoplasm of cell

• Basically controls what can go and out of the cell (ex. Functions like a bouncer at a club).

• Uses active and passive transport

Nucleoid Region

• Area where DNA is located

• Has nuclear material without actually having a nuclear membrane

• Prokaryotic genome is a circular double-stranded DNA

Ribosomes

• Assembles proteins with information from DNA

Cell Wall

• Rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane

• It protects the cell and maintains its shape

Flagella

• Longer projections that help with locomotion of the cell

Chloroplast

• A plastid that contains chlorophyll

• Chlorophyll is what makes the leaves and plants green

Pili and Fimbriae

• Numerous short projections that help with the attachment of support

Capsule and Cytoplasm

• The capsule is the sticky outer layer over the cell wall; it keeps the cell together

• The cytoplasm is just the cytosol including all the organelles except the nucleus

EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

Mitochondria

• Its primary function is to generate energy in the form of ATP

• It also stores calcium for cell signaling activities; generates heat; mediates cell growth and death

Nucleus, Nucleolus and Nuclear Envelope

• The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center→ consists of a double membrane, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleolus, and nucleoplasm

Chromatin• It’s a stainable substance of the cell nucleus

consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins that form chromosomes during cell division

Endoplasmic Reticulum→ Rough & Smooth

• Single continuous membrane with nuclear envelope → serves as a highway for the cell

• Rough ER: covered with ribosomes, major site of protein synthesis

• Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes; it transports, synthesizes lypids, detoxifies, and stores calcium ions

Golgi Apparatus

• Handles export and import of material for the cell

• It stores, packages, sorts and modifies proteins before they are exported

• Considered the UPS of the cell

Centrioles

• Cellular structure that is composed of nine triplet microtubles and forms the asters during mitosis

• Divides in a perpendicular from during mitosis

Microtubles

• They are conveyer belts inside the cells

• They move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes through a special attachment of proteins

Vacuoles

• Very large in size• Work with

lysosomes for digestion

• Stores food and water as well as wastes and excess water

Microfilaments

• It gives shape to the cell and are involved in the constriction of cytoplasm during divisions in animal cells

Peroxisome

• Breakdown lipids

• Detoxifies alcohols and hydrogen peroxide

Lysosome

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Breakdown cell’s food and wastes