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This presentation was delivered at the Georgia Organics Annual Conference in Atlanta on February 23, 2013. Provides basic information on IPM approaches in sustainable vegetable production systems.
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Organic Insect Pest Management
Ayanava MajumdarExtension Entomologist & State SARE Coordinator
Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn Univ.Cell phone: 251-331-8416
Email: [email protected]
Rammohan Balusu & Henry FadamiroAU Entomology & Plant Pathology Department
Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013
Presentation Layout• Background information• Insect pest identification• Organic integrated pest management (IPM) basics• Trap crops• Mechanical insect control• Biological control• Organic insecticides• Extension resources
Please stop by the IPM exhibit for more publications, IPM newsletter & trap crop seeds!
EBPM Training Events
Regional Extension Agent training in improved scouting practices IPM training to farmers at farms in
Alabama
• Small size• Small food requirement• Rapid and prolific reproduction
– Parthenogenesis• Grow by molting (control over
growth rate)• Life stages feed on different
substrate
Why are INSECTS so successful?
Why are INSECTS so successful?
Insect Pests ofTomatoes
What is it?Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
Monitoring/scouting techniques:Sample ten plants in several locationsYellow sticky traps at edge of fieldLike cool, dry weatherWatch for ants and lady beetlesET = 50% leaves with aphids
What is it?
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca
Monitoring/scouting techniques:Use sticky cards (yellow, blue)Bag and shake techniqueNo action thresholdUse resistant varieties (BHN 444, 589, 640, Bella Rosa)
Tomato spotted wilt destroys plants
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Monitor level of defoliation
Sample small plants with sweep net during morning hours
Observe activity of parasitoids, predators (sweep net)
ET = 5-10% defoliation early season, 25-30% defoliation mid-season
Flea beetles (many species)
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Start looking on border rows
Scout intensely short crop (<6 inch)
ET = 5 beetles per 10 seedling or 10% defoliation in short crop
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Larva of lady beetle (beneficial insect!)
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Examine green fruit, stem terminals
Scout for egg masses or larvae
Use pheromone traps to detect first flight; ET = 5-10 moths per night when temp. is <85F
ET is ½ if temp. is >85F
Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea
Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Use a sweep net
Use pheromone trap (expensive? cumbersome?)
Intensify scouting at fruit setting
ET = 0.25 bugs per 10 plants (green fruit stage)
Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula
Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus
Lygus bug, Lygus lineolaris
Emerging Pest on Vegetables: Leaffooted Bugs
Leptoglossus phyllopus
Leptoglossus zonatus
Leptoglossus gonagra
Heavy fruit drop in eggplants and tomatoes (LFBs)
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Minor foliar pests (ET = 5 larvae per 10 plants)
Easy to collect & identify – shake and collect
Watch for sun scald on fruits, esp. 20% defoliation
Look for fecal pellets on leaves
Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni
Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens
Spider mites
• Major pest of open field & high tunnel crops• Extensive webbing on leaves/stems• Rapid buildup in hot dry weather• Difficult to control with approved pesticides
Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)
What is IPM?• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides
Decision making in IPM…
• Insect detection & monitoring• Insect identification• Population pressure• Economic threshold• Natural enemy populations• Make treatment decision
USDA Crop Pest Management Practice Standard
Organic Food Production Act - 1990
National Organic Program (NOP)
7CFR Section 205
Ref.: OIA North America, Gainesville, FL
Primary focus to prevent insect pests, weeds, & diseases.
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)
• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices (row covers, lures/traps, repellents, insect netting, reflective mulch, hand-picking)
• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI approved insecticides)
Pest Management Practice Standard (NOP, 7CFR Section 205.206)
Alabama Insect Survey Locations
2009 (8,500 insects)
Peanut farms
Vegetable farms
2010 (16,588 insects)
What is it?
Prefer cucumber, squash, gourd.Larvae overwinter in soil.Females lay 150-200 eggs singly.Moths are clear-winged with bright red abdomen.Row covers & field sanitation are best management tactics.Azadirachtin, diatomaceous earth…
LEVEL 1 IPM RESEARCH:TRAP CROPPING SYSTEMS
What is Trap Cropping?
Insects have differential host preference
Insects may feed and reproduce on preferred host
What is Trap Cropping?Trap cropping is the planting of an attractive host plant to lure insect pests away from main crop. Trap crop may or may not be harvestable.
http://joyfusions.com/
Key Factors to Consider
Different insects attracted to different trap crops:If trap crop is not sufficiently attractive to the pest then it
will not workTiming:
Important to have well established trap crop at right stage at the time of insect invasion
Scouting: Control the pests immediately in the trap cropBe ready to sacrifice your trap crop
Keep farm recordsKeep learning and use what you learn in next season
Perimeter TC:• Pest source
unknown • Pest of limited
mobility
Trap cropping layout
Trap crop
Main crop
Mai
n cr
op
Mai
n cr
op
Mai
n cr
op
Mai
n cr
op
Main crop
Trap crop
Source
Open field
Op
en
fie
ld
Open field Open field
Strip interplant TC:• Pest source unknown
• Comparitively more
mobile pests
Source – Sink approach:
• Pest source known
• Less insect movement
Main crop (watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber)
Trap crop (Hubbard squash)
Boucher & Durgy (2004)
Perimeter Trap Cropping (PTC)
Trap cropping layout
• Trap crop = early planted squash, apply insecticide on borders
• Squash lured 66% cucumber beetles and 90% squash bugs
• Crop losses reduced by 18%
Trap cropping layoutStrip interplant trap cropping
Alfalfa
Strawberry(34 rows)
Strawberry(34 rows)
Lygus bug management
Lygus bug
Sean Swezey et al., 2007 (CA Agriculture)
Successes:• >50% reduction of lygus bugs (vacuum + wasp
parasite)• 75% saving on tractor time with trap crop
University of CA Research
Managing Yellow margined leaf beetle (YMLB) Population with Trap crop
YMLB is a serious pest of cruciferous crops
• Cabbage
• Turnips
• Mustard
• Radish etc.
Migrates into vegetable field in early October
Damage: October – May
Damage
Both adults and larvae feed on foliage by first making small holes; later serious defoliation
Defoliation of larvae on turnip Mass attack of adults on napa cabbage
Organically-managed crucifer field in south Alabama damaged by YMLB
TurnipNapa cabbage
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap cropSpring 2011
Trap crop: planted 2 weeks in advance
Trap crop: Turnip and Napa cabbageMain crop: CabbageLocation: E. V. Smith Research Center, Shorter, AL
5 ft
Main cropTrap crop
Turnip
Napa cabbage
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap cropSpring 2011
35 ft
April 15, 2011 April 25, 20110
1
2
3
4
5
6
Control
Cabbage (main crop)
Turnip (trap crop)
Mea
n (±
SE) b
eetle
s/ p
lant
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap cropSpring 2011
Main cropTrap crop
Napa cabbage
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap cropSpring 2011
Trap Crops inTomato Production System
Perimeter trap crop study (Brewton, AL, 2011 & 2012)
Tomato main crop
NK300 Sorghum trap crop
Perimeter trap crop study (Clanton, AL, 2012)
Sunflower (Peredovik)
Sorghum (NK300)
Main crop: Tomato
Sunflower (Peredovik)
Sorghum (NK300)
Main crop: Tomato
Perimeter trap crop study (Cullman, AL, 2012)
Trap crop study for leaffooted bugs(Clanton, AL, 2012)
Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Obs. 4 Obs. 5 Obs. 6 Obs. 70 0 0 0 0 00
18
42
1
4
19
11
20 0 00
22
0
3
DKB5400 (sorghum trap crop)NK300 (sorghum trap crop)Sunflower (trap crop)Tomato (main crop)
Insecticide treatment and/or manual removal in organic situation
(21 July) (4 Aug.) (5 Sep.)
Numbers indicate leaffooted bugs (LFBs) on 20 heads of trap crops and 20 tomato plants for comparison purposes. Trap crops planted on May 16. Main crop planted on June 1. Trap crop treated with Mustang Max (zeta-cyper. @ 4 oz/A) on Sept. 5, 2012. Result = 78% LFB control in 5DAT. Tomato main crop is attacked by LFBs after the trap crop is ineffective (in October).
(13 Aug.) (7 Sep.) (20 Sep.) (4 Oct.)
Manual removal in organic situation
Parasitoids like trap crop environment
Peristenus relictus (Hymenoptra: Braconidae)
Host: Tarnished plant bugs
Ref.: Swezey et al. (2007)
Trichopoda pennipes(Diptera: Tachinidae)
Host: Southern green stink bug, leaffooted bugs
Ref.: Tillman (2006)
LEVEL 2 RESEARCHNet house vegetable
production
Nethouse Vegetable Production(A Preliminary Report on Successes and Challenges)
Photos: Mike Powell, Polyproductos de Guatemala
EXCELLENT PEST PREVENTION TACTIC!
Fabric mesh 30-50 as insect barrierMesh size depends on target insect & cost
Location: Baldwin County, AL Dimensions: 150 ft X 48 ft X 17 ftEntrance: Double door
First Net House in Alabama (2010)
40% black shade cloth for cooling down the interior
Bell peppers were grown with success (Year 1 Research)
Armyworms HornwormNet house Untreated
Control (outside)
Net house Untreated Control
(outside)Insect numbers (40 plants) 7 32 0 17% reduction 78% 100%ANOVA F = 16.845,
P = 0.0001**F = 15.852,
P = 0.0001**
Advantages of net house:Less dependence on insecticides even in high pest pressuresBetter use of hand-removal of low insect numbersLong life of the fabric/structure
Net House vs. Conventional Cropping System
Net house, 2010
Insect Netting Applications
Insect netting on the sides of a high tunnel
Use insect netting over the entire high tunnel frame
51
What Are Natural Enemies?
Rely on naturally – occurring biological control is the
most important means of controlling insect pests in
organic farming.
Natural Enemies are beneficial insects that are enemies of insects pests exist in nature Kill pests Decrease pest reproductive potential
Nat
ura
l En
emie
s
52
Predators: – Ladybugs, Spiders
• General feeders• Eat several prey• Larger and stronger than the prey
Parasitoids (=parasites): – Wasps, Flies
• Specialist feeders• Kill only one host (pest)• Smaller than the host
Pathogens: – Bacteria, Fungus & Viruses
• Micro-organisms that cause diseases in insects
Who kills Pests?
http://www.harvesttotable.com/2012/06/parasitic-wasps-beneficial-insects/
extension.entm.purdue.edu
Flicker.com
53
PredatorsGreen lacewing
Larvae
Larvae© Rao Balusu
© Rao Balusu
ucanr.edu
Eggs
Lady beetles Hover flies
Abulrfan
Robber flies
www.ipm.ncsu.edu
Bigeyed bugs
Assassin bugs
Minute pirate bugs
Crab spiderWolf spiderOrb weavers
Spinded soldier bug Spiders
farmerfredrant.blogspot.com
54
ParasitoidsTrichogramma wasp
shareourgarden.blogspot.com
Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc
Aphidius wasp
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
Mummified aphids
Wasp in actionwww.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu
Trichopoda pennipeshttp://bugguide.net/node/view/6647
Tachinid flies
55
Conserving Natural Enemies Don’t reach for the pesticide spray
Limit use of broad spectrum insecticides Use pesticides that are compatible with biological control
Microbials : Bt Botanicals: Neem
Provide foods that adults need Flowering plants:
To attract natural enemies To provide shelter/shade To produce pollen and nectar
Grow mixture (diversity) of plants for continuous source of flowers
wildlifetrusts.org
www.scri.ac.ukt
56
Conserving Natural Enemies Provide foods that the immature stages need
Allow low level of pest (prey) Cover crops:
provide alternative prey
Making a home for natural enemies Overwintering sites: insulate from the winter chill
- undisturbed grassy area
Mulches: Provide humidity, shelter for nocturnal predators - Spiders, ground beetles.
57
Information Resources
Native Plants to Enhance Beneficial Insects website
www.nativeplants.msu.edu
http://migarden.msu.edu/uploads/files/e2719.pdf
Guidelines for Purchasing and Using CommercialNatural Enemies and Biopesticides in Florida and OtherStates, University of Florida, EDIS, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN849
Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests, CornellExtension Pub., 48 pp. (1993)
ACORM workshop by Cliff sadof, Bob O’ Neil
Scouting for vineyard insect pests and natural enemies by Rufus Isaacs
Recognizing and working with natural enemies of insect pestby Whitney Cranshaw
An IPM scouting guide for natural enemies of vegetable pest in kentucky
LEVEL 3 RESEARCH
Organic Insecticides/Tank Mixes
Organic Approved Insecticides
Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), Chromobacterium
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
Evaluation of OMRI insecticides as stand-alone treatments and in rotation for managing YMLB
Trade name Active ingredient
PyGanic® Pyrethrum
Aza-Direct® Azadiractin
Entrust® Spinosad
Novodor® Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies
tenebrionis (Btt)
MBI-203 (Grandevo) Chromobacteria subtsugae
Mycotrol O® Beauveria bassiana strain GHA
Tick-Ex Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52
NOFLY™ Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain FE 9901
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10/31 11/1 11/5 11/9 11/13 11/17 11/22
Mea
n (
± S
E)
dam
age
rati
ng
per
pla
nt
a
b
bc
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
ab
b c
PyGanic®Entrust®NOFLY™MBI -203Entrust® alternated with NOFLY™Entrust® alternated with PyGanic®Control
Results
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
Crops
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
Crops
An Evaluation of Reduced Risk Pesticides for Control of Lepidopterous Pests of Cole
Crops
c
baab
a
Marketable
Evaluation of “Soft” Insecticides for Control of Caterpillar Pests of Crucifer
Non-Target Arthropods Sampled
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Dipel Xentari Xentari +Dipel
Entrust Untreated
Treatment
To
tal
Nu
mb
er
pest
homopteran
non-homoptera
Limitations of Organic Insecticides
Relatively short persistenceRequires frequent applicationsMostly contact activityRequires complete coverage and correct
timingNot available in small quantitiesShort shelf lifeExpensive!!
Tomato fruit protection (Cullman, AL, 2012)
Crop: Tomato, planting date: July 9, insecticides applied using C02 sprayer at 40 GPA. Replications = 4. Insecticide treatment dates: Sept. 6, 14, 21. Data indicates percent damaged fruits (10 fruits/plot).
Treatments AI Sept. 24 Oct. 4
Range of damage (%)
Average damage (%)
Range of damage (%)
Average damage (%)
Xentari Bt 20-60 37.5 10-40 20.0
Pyganic Pyrethrum 20-50 35.0 20-40 32.5
Xentari + Pyganic Tank-mix 20-50 30.0 10-60 27.5
Untreated check 90-100 95.0 40-80 55.0
*OMRI-approved for organic vegetable production
Tank mix of approved insecticides may improve control effectiveness. Research will continue on evaluating further tank mixes and trap crops.
Efficacy of SUFFOIL-X & JMS STYLEY-OIL for Two-spotted Spider Mite Control 2012
27 Sept. 3 Oct. 12 Oct. 19 Oct.
14
35
1711
56
45
12
34
26
1823
3227 Untreated check
Suffoil-X (0.01%)JMS Stylet-Oil (3 qt)Bifenthrin 5 oz/A
Crop was tomatoes. Location: Chilton REC, Clanton, AL. Numbers indicate spider mites on 40 tomato leaves.
Reduction in mites with JMS Stylet-Oil & Suffoil-X is good but action could be slow!
Organic IPM Recommendations• Aphids:
– Okra trap crop– Reflective mulch– Release predators – Neem oil, soap, Grandevo?
• Thrips: – Grow resistant varieties– Reflective mulch– Remove infected plants– Spinosad, pyrethrin, Grandevo?
Organic IPM Recommendations• Caterpillar complex:
– Control weeds– Parasitoids & predators– Insect netting to prevent infestation– Bt (Xentari) + pyrethrin, Spod-X (beet armyworm)– Rotate with spinosad (if needed)
• Leaffooted bugs/stink bugs– Control weeds– Trap cropping (staggered, mixed crops, design)– Pyrethrin
EXTENSION RESOURCES
Alabama Vegetable Extension IPM Website
www.aces.edu/go/87
Alabama SARE Website
Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
The IPM Communicator(A FREE electronic newsletter)
To signup: Email [email protected] sign up today on the sheet provided!
Know the IPM Campaign Logo!
STOP BY THE IPM EXHIBIT TO PICKUP BOOKMARKS & TRAP CROP SEEDS!
Organic Insect Pest Management
Presenters: Dr. Ayanava MajumdarDr. Rammohan Balusu
Georgia Organics Conference, Atlanta 2013
QUESTIONS?
