P2 pure revision ex 2 RSS prelim 2016

RSS Prelim 2016 Pure Geog P2 2

Section A (25 marks)

Answer one question from this section.

1 a Figure 1A shows the distribution of the main plates of the earth’s crust, earthquakes and volcanoes.

Figure 1A

Describe and explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes shown on Figure 1A.

[5]

b Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines (located on Figure 1A) erupted on 12 June 1991. It was the second biggest eruption of the 20th century. An account of the eruption is given below.

Ash was thrown 30 km in the air. The cloud of ash blocked out the sun, causing the day to be as dark as night. As the ash showered down, it covered the landscape over a radius of 30 km. In places the ash was up to 35 cm deep. Most of the ash mixed with monsoon rainfall and formed mudslides. These together with lava flows, caused thousands of people living within 25 km of the volcano to be evacuated.

Use information from Figure 1A and the account above to

i identify the risks posed by the Mount Pinatubo when it erupted; [3]

ii explain how a volcano like Mount Pinatubo was likely to have formed. [5]

Riverside Secondary School 2016/Prelim/Geography/P2/4E [Turn Over]

Mt. Pinatubo


c Explain the relationship between relative humidity and temperature and; relative humidity and rainfall.

[4]

d Discuss, with reference to specific examples, the consequences of climate change to people and the environment.

[8]

2 a Study Figure 2 which shows the distribution of fold mountain ranges.

Figure 2

Describe the distribution of fold mountain ranges as shown in Figure 2 and explain how fold mountains are formed.

[5]

b Study the news article below which gives information about an earthquake which



struck Sumatra in June 2016.

Tremors reported in parts of Singapore as magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits off Indonesia's Sumatra2 June 2016

The Indonesian island of Sumatra was hit by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake with tremors felt in neighbouring Singapore just before sunrise on Thursday (June 2).

The focus of the quake was detected at a depth of 72km and about 79km off the coast of West Sumatra with other areas on the Indonesian island, experiencing strong to moderate shocks.

The quake was not large enough to trigger a tsunami. "People would have felt it and there may be some minor damage, but it was offshore and deep so damage would be limited," said Phil Cummins, senior seismologist at Geoscience Australia.

In Singapore, residents across the island said they experienced tremors lasting for up to a minute.The earthquake was triggered by subduction activity of the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian tectonic plates.

i What does the ‘focus’ of an earthquake refer to and how does it impact the strength of an earthquake?

[5]

ii With reference to the information given in Figure 2, explain how the earthquake in Sumatra was likely to have formed.

[4]

iii This earthquake affected Singapore with tremors felt by residents in areas such as Sengkang and Marine Crescent.

Do you consider Singapore to be in danger from major earthquake action? Give reasons for your answer.

[3]

c Discuss with reference to specific examples, the effectiveness of preparedness measures undertaken by authorities to mitigate the effects of a severe earthquake.

[8]

Section B (25 marks)




3 a Figure 3 shows the availability of grains (in grams) per day, per capita, from 1951 to 2009, in India.

Figure 3

i Describe the trend of the availability of grains over the time period shown in Figure 3.

[5]

ii Suggest and explain the reasons for your answer to question 3(a)(i). [6]

b The cartoon below shows different reasons that can affect the food security of a country.



i What does ‘food security’ mean? [1]

ii Explain how the factors highlighted in the cartoon above can influence the food security of a country.

[5]

c People in DCs and LDCs are affected by differences in food consumption. Discuss how the type and amount of food consumed affect societies in DCs and LDCs. Provide specific examples where appropriate.

[8]

4 a Study Figure 4A, which shows the area under genetically modified crops



between 1996 to 2011.

Figure 4A

i With reference to Figure 4, explain why genetically modified crops are increasingly being cultivated.

[5]

ii Account for the threats of genetically modified food crops. [4]

b Study Figure 4B, which shows HIV/AIDS infection rate by country in Africa.


Are

a of

land

(mill

ion

hect

ares

)

Year

Total

Developing (LDCs)

Industrial (DCs)


Figure 4B

Describe the pattern of HIV/AIDS infection rates throughout Africa. [3]

c Study Table 4, which shows the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in relation to educational attainment in Botswana in 2008. Botswana is labelled on Figure 4B.



Educational attainment and HIV/AIDS prevalence in Botswana

Educational attainment

Male Female

No education 26.0% 31.9%Non-formal (not in school)

23.1% 31.7%

Primary 18.0% 22.7%Secondary 15.2% 26.8%Tertiary 13.1% 19.3%

Table 4

Use Table 4 to help you describe and suggest reasons for the relationship between educational attainment and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS amongst men and women in Botswana in 2008.

[5]

d Using specific examples, assess efforts made to manage the outbreak of HIV/AIDS.

[8]

END OF PAPER



Section A


AO 1 + 2

AO 1 + 3

1 a Figure 1A shows the distribution of the main plates of the earth’s crust, earthquakes and volcanoes.

Describe and explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes shown on Figure 1A.

5

There is a strong correlation between the earthquake zones and volcanic eruptions

As seen from Figure 1, there is a large concentration of volcanoes around the edges of the Pacific ocean where the Pacific Ring of Fire is located

As seen, these are also areas where earthquakes occur The convergence causes friction as the plate moves This friction stress and when the energy is released,

earthquakes occur The convergence also leads to subduction which then

melts the subducted plate eventually the magma rises through the crust to form volcanoes

However, volcanoes and earthquakes not just limited to the Pacific Ring; also where plates are diverging such as the Atlantic Ocean and East Africa

Any 3 descriptions based on map [3 marks] Explanation = 2 marks

Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines (located on Figure 1A) erupted on 12 June 1991. It was the second biggest eruption of the 20th century. An account of the eruption is given below.

Ash was thrown 30 km in the air. The cloud of ash blocked out the sun, causing the day to be as dark as night. As the ash showered down, it covered the landscape over a radius of 30 km. In places the ash was up to 35 cm deep. Most of the ash mixed with monsoon rainfall and formed mudslides. These together with lava flows, caused thousands of people living within 25 km of the volcano to be evacuated.

b Use information from Figure 1A and the account above to

i identify the risks posed by the Mount Pinatubo when it erupted; 3

Areas can be damaged by the volcanic material of lava flow, ash/pyroclastic flow inhaling the hot ash may also



cause serious injury or death The ash also caused problems of pollution may have

affected flights Mudslides/lahars could have buried towns as it flowed,

damaging property and possibly causing death for anyone caught in it

Risks discussed must relate to information given

ii explain how a volcano like Mount Pinatubo was likely to have formed.

5

Mount Pinatubo formed at plate convergence (between Eurasian plate and Philippine plate)

Subduction occurred plate melted and magma rose through the crust to accumulate over time to form the volcano

After an initial eruption, the subsequent eruption ejects lava which covers the soft ash and prevents it from being eroded away

Because the lava of stratovolcanoes such as Pinatubo are viscous, successive eruptions build a high volcano with a slightly concave profile

Secondary cones may also develop as magma from the vent seeps into the sides of the cone and erupts

Answer must highlight the features of a stratovolcano and how convergence contributed to its formation

c Explain the relationship between relative humidity and temperature and; relative humidity and rainfall.

4

There is inverse/ negative relationship between relative humidity and temperature OR RH decreases as temperature increases

As warm air can hold more water vapour than cool air, thus when the amount of water vapour remains the same, the RH decreases

There is direct/ positive relationship between relative humidity and rainfall OR higher the RH, higher the possibility of rain

As relative humidity increases to 100% (saturation point), dew point temperature is reached and condensation occurs, forming clouds that may form rain/ precipitation

Statement of relationship = 1m + explanation 1m

d Discuss, with reference to specific examples, the consequences of climate change to people and the environment.

8

One consequence of climate change is rising sea levels. This occurs because the higher temperatures cause the melting of glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. The resultant meltwater causes a rise in sea level. At the same time, the higher temperatures also cause water in the seas and oceans to expand,



thus increasing sea levels. When sea levels rise, some countries located along coastlines or islands will be lost as they become flooded. An example is Kiribati which has looked at buying land in Fiji as its country becomes flooded due to rising sea levels.

Another consequence of climate change is the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events. These include events such as heat waves and hurricanes. It is noted that there has been an increase in extreme weather events between 1980 to 2005. This is related to the fact that the higher temperatures lead to higher amounts of water vapour and latent heat. These are powerful driving mechanisms for extreme weather events. Such extreme weather events is often accompanied by destruction of property and loss of lives.

The third consequence is a spread in infectious and insect-borne diseases. The increased temperature and rainfall caused by the higher temperatures may actually cause more of these disease carrying insects to breed. For example, the warmer and humid conditions caused by higher temperatures may lead to more mosquitoes breeding. Mosquitoes may be a carriers of dengue and malaria. In addition to this, there could also be changes in the transmission pattern of these diseases as the climate changes. Malaria and dengue fever, often associated with the warm and humid climate, are now found in places once too cold for them to occur. Nepal and Bhutan are examples of once colder countries which saw their first case of dengue fever in 2004.

The last consequence of climate change is the lengthening of growing season in certain regions. Higher temperatures may result in higher growing seasons in some regions. This may be an advantage or a disadvantage depending on the type of crops. For example, in the UK, this allows new crops such as blackberries and maize to be cultivated. However in the Yunnan Province in China, the production of fruits such as apples and cherries, and nuts such as walnuts and almonds is reduced as cooler weather conditions is required.

Therefore climate change has consequences that has social and economic consequences. For example, rising sea levels would impact people who may lose their homes as well as lead to health risks with the increase in insect-borne diseases. The lengthening of growing seasons may lead to either a positive or negative economic consequence, depending on the crops being grown.

Level 1 (0-3marks)

At this level, answers are generalised or have minimum support,Reasoning is weak and expression is unclearAnswers are basic with little developmentAnswers show little or no attempt to the question

Level 2 (4-6marks)



Arrangement or/and disagreement is supported by appropriate detailSupport is patchy and the answer is not completeGood reasoning and logic in some partsSome examples or evidences are presented to support answers

Level 3 (7-8marks)

Answers are comprehensive and supported by sound knowledgeBoth agreement and disagreement are considered and well-supported.Reasoning is clear and logical with good expression of languageExamples or other evidence to support answer.

Total 12 13

AO 1 + 2

AO 1 + 3

2 a Study Figure 2 which shows the distribution of fold mountain ranges.

Describe the distribution of fold mountain ranges as shown in Figure 2 and explain how fold mountains are formed.

5

From fig.2, most of the young fold mountains are located at the boundaries of the continent where tectonic plate movements is the most active

One belt is in Pacific Region surrounding the Pacific Ocean. In the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, the mountains are found mainly along the edge of continents

e.g. the Rocky Mountains and the Andes Mountains are along the N. Am and S. Am. continents respectively. In the western part, they are found offshore and take the form of island arcs such as Japan and the Philippines

Fold mountains are formed along convergent plate boundaries where plates move towards each other and collide.

The resultant compressional force creates immense pressure which causes the layers of rocks to buckle and fold. This process is called folding.

b Study the news article below which gives information about an earthquake which struck Sumatra in June 2016.

Tremors reported in parts of Singapore as magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits off Indonesia's Sumatra2 June 2016



The Indonesian island of Sumatra was hit by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake with tremors felt in neighbouring Singapore just before sunrise on Thursday (June 2).

The focus of the quake was detected at a depth of 72km and about 79km off the coast of West Sumatra with other areas on the Indonesian island, experiencing strong to moderate shocks.

The quake was not large enough to trigger a tsunami. "People would have felt it and there may be some minor damage, but it was offshore and deep so damage would be limited," said Phil Cummins, senior seismologist at Geoscience Australia.

In Singapore, residents across the island said they experienced tremors lasting for up to a minute.The earthquake was triggered by subduction activity of the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian tectonic plates.

i What does the ‘focus’ of an earthquake refer to and how does it impact the strength of an earthquake?

5

*Focus: point of sudden energy release by the earthquake

A deep focus earthquake (70 to 700 km below the surface) Will have a smaller impact as seismic waves take a longer

time to reach the surface Would have lost most of their energy by then Shallow focus (upper 70km of the earth’s crust) Has greater impact on land as vibrations reach the surface

more quickly

ii With reference to the information given in Figure 2, explain how the earthquake was likely to have formed.

4

Convergence between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plate

Caused the denser plate to be subducted This movement cause a slow build-up of stress on the

rocks on either side of the fault When the rocks can no longer withstand the increasing

stress, they suddenly slip many metres, causing the earthquake as energy is released in the form of seismic waves

iii This earthquake affected Singapore with tremors felt by residents in areas such as Sengkang and Marine Crescent.

Do you consider Singapore to be in danger from major earthquake action? Give reasons for your answer.

3

*No Singapore is not located on a plate boundary and is

therefore directly affected by earthquakes



Located further away from boundaries where earthquakes occur much of the energy would have been lost by the time the seismic waves reach Singapore

But big earthquakes occurring on the nearest plate boundary (the Sunda Megathrust, offshore Sumatra) may affect the country especially areas over sedimentary rocks; an earthquake powerful enough could swing tall buildings located over reclaimed lands or sediments.

c Discuss with reference to specific examples, the effectiveness of preparedness measures undertaken by authorities to mitigate the effects of a severe earthquake.

8

Preparedness measures can make use of technology. Technology can help prepare a country prone to earthquakes in several ways. By using technology to study the history of when and where earthquakes occur, the latter can be predicted. An example is through the use of seismic risk maps. These can show the likelihood of locations at risk from earth movements or liquefaction. Some countries like Japan make use of earthquake sensors. These can monitor the frequency of vibrations and detect possible developments of an earthquake. In Japan, these sensors are installed on bridges and roads.

However, seismic risk maps do not provide precise information about the time, location, and magnitude of future earthquakes. Also, earthquake sensors are expensive to obtain, install and use. Noise, lighting or device failure may interfere with the sensors and result in false warnings being given. At the same time, an earthquake usually occurs seconds after a warning is sounded. Therefore warnings may not provide sufficient time for an evacuation.

Other than technology, there are other preparedness measures that can help countries prepare for earthquakes. One such measure is emergency drills. This is when people practise the steps to take when an earthquake occurs. This creates awareness and reduces the level of panic and irrational behaviour during an emergency. In Japan, they conduct emergency drills every 1st Sept to commemorate Disaster Prevention Day.

However, these drills are only effective if there is enough time for people to evacuate. Often, there is insufficient time for evacuation as earthquakes are difficult to predict. At the same time, emergency drills are also designed based on the most serious earthquake ever recorded in the area in the past. As the earthquake that occurred in Tohoku, Japan, in 2011 was on a scale never experienced before in Japan, the emergency drills and evacuation plans were inadequate to prevent of the areas affected by the earthquake.

At the same time, there needs to be effective building design and infrastructure to help mitigate the effects of earthquakes. Effective



building design can reduce the collapse of a building and minimise the damage caused by an earthquake. For example, the tallest building in Taiwan - Taipei 101 was built with reinforced concrete and a damping device to stabilise the building in the event of an earthquake. Infrastructure such as buildings and roads needs to be developed with advanced engineering to withstand the vibration associated with an earthquake. For example, buildings can be fitted with switches that ensure that all electrical points are switched off in the event of an earthquake such as those in Japan.

However these are costly developments. At the same time, these are often untested until an earthquake occurs.

Therefore while preparedness measures can help to reduce the effects of a severe earthquake, the nature and magnitude of the earthquake may reduce the effectiveness of these measures. That being said, these measures still serve as a useful starting point to build on.

Level 1 (0-3marks)


Level 2 (4-6marks)


Level 3 (7-8marks)


Total 16 9

Section B


No. Questions A AO



O 1 + 2

1 + 3

3 a Figure 3 shows the availability of grains (in grams) per day, per capita, from 1951 to 2009, in India.

Figure 3

i Describe the trend of the availability of grains over the time period shown in Figure 3.

5

Generally increasing trend from 432.9 grams per day to 444.6 grams per day

2.7% increase 2 anomalies – 1970 to 1980 and 2000 to 2009 Availability of grains fell by 0.72% and 6.5% respectively The drop in availability of grains was steeper in 2000 to

2009 as compared to 1970 to 1980

ii Suggest reasons your answer to question 3(a)(i). 6

Answers must be relevant to India.

2 reasons for increasing trend of grain availability x 2m each1 reason for decreasing trend of grain availability x 2m

Increasing trend of grain availability Favourable climate more harvests per year output

increased Increase in commercial farming/ agribusinesses larger

investments which allow for greater output Increase in trade able to increase supply from imports Government policies – agricultural/ food policies which led to

improved production methods/support for farmers or cheaper food

Green Revolution/ Genetically modified food more harvests per year output increased



Decreasing trend of grain availability Unfavourable climate extreme weather

events/changing climate which affected the harvests and led to reduction of output

Land fragmentation/ tenure continued practice led to increase in number of farm sizes which are not productive

Outbreak of diseases/ pests led to reduction in output as crops are destroyed

b The cartoon below shows different reasons that can affect the food security of a country.

i What does ‘food security’ mean? 1

the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

ii Explain how the factors highlighted in the cartoon above can influence the food security of a country.

5

Population increase: [1m] Large population growth can lead to a situation where

food supply is unable to meet the growing demand for food

Some may not be able to have access to food

Weather/Climate change: [2m] As climate becomes more unpredictable with global

warming, agriculture can be affected as temp. become too warm for certain crops to grow

Climate change also affects water supply and has more incidences of extreme weather, affecting production

However, in certain situations, climate change actually helps to increase production increase availability of certain crops

Technology [2m] Can develop new strains which take a shorter period of



time to grow e.g. HYVs such as Wonder Rice Increase in amt. lower prices, greater number able to

afford it Also GM crops can be engineered to take a shorter period

of time to grow along with enhanced nutritional values e.g. Golden Rice

c People in DCs and LDCs are affected by differences in food consumption. Discuss how the type and amount of food consumed affect societies in DCs and LDCs. Provide specific examples where appropriate.

8

People in DCs tend to consume more compared those in LDCs. They also have large amounts of meat in their diet. This is because of their higher disposable income which allows to purchase a larger quantity as well as more expensive source sof food such as meat. This excessive consumption causes health problems such as obesity which is more common in DCs compared to LDCs. In USA for e.g. between 1971 to 2000, obesity rates rose from 14.5% to 30.9% of the population.

The accumulation of body fats as a result of obesity can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes and certain cancers. On average, obesity reduces a person’s lifespan by 9 years.

The higher proportion of obese people within a population also impacts a country’s economy as productivity is lowered. People may fall ill and be absent as a result of obesity-related illness and productivity is lowered as a result. On a national level, employees who are absent from work due to sickness may cost companies millions in productivity and insurance costs. Correspondingly, there will also be higher public health expenditure by the government. This reduces the amount available for economic development.

However it should be noted that will meat consumption is high, people in DC are consuming less of it due to the awareness of impact on health. In addition, the rising income in some LDCs such as China, India and Brazil also mean that obesity is also becoming common in LDCs too.

Those in LDCs on the other hand are consuming much smaller amounts of food/lower caloric intake. This consistent inadequate food consumption may lead to health problems such as malnutrition. In the long run, this may worsen such that there is long-term developmental effects or death. WHO highlighted in 2009 that malnutrition was the underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and measles. Govts therefore have to spend more on health care which diverts funds from other developmental needs, slowing down economic development.

Those in LDCs also consume a larger amount of cereals as part



of their diet. In Africa and parts of Asia, cereals make up as much as 70% of their diet compared to 30% in DCs. This is because cereals is generally a cheaper source of food.

The poorer diet also affects productivity. According to a 2011 report by the International Food Policy Research Institute, countries such as Sri Lanka and Ethiopia where there is low levels of nutritional intake, productivity is lower. Farmers are less innovative, less experimental to implement innovations.

Level 1 (0-3marks)


Level 2 (4-6marks)


Level 3 (7-8marks)


Total 9 16

4 a Study Figure 4A, which shows the area under genetically modified crops.

i With reference to Figure 4, explain why genetically modified crops are increasingly being cultivated?

5

Increased income for farmers (in DCs and LDCs): GM crops increased income for farmers worldwide due to increased productivity. GM crops that are pest-resistant help farmers to save money on the costs of pesticides and on the labour needed to administer the treatment. Coupled with higher output, farmers will earn higher income. This explains why the total area increased to around 160 mil ha in the 15 yrs

2

Nutritional benefits for consumers: Certain crops have been 2



genetically modified to have higher nutritional value. Eg the Golden Rice has been developed to have higher levels of vitamin A. Since deficiency in Vitamin A can result in blindness, the increased intake of Vitamin A through rice, particularly in LDCs, can help prevent children from suffering from this disease.

Increased population: The need to provide enough food for a large population makes the GM appealing as it allows crops to be grown in a shorter period of time, increasing output.

1

Decreased environmental pollution: GM crops are environmentally friendly because they are resistant to insect and pest attack as well as to herbicides. This helps to reduce the release of chemical into the environment that could lead to pollution.

1

ii Account for the threats of genetically modified food crops. 4

Dominance of agribusiness: GM crops are expensive because a lot of research and time have been put into it. Therefore, they require high capital investment, which is usually affordable only to big companies and DCs. Small-scale farmers and LDCs will not be able to afford the GM seeds due to its high price. This will further widen the gap between wealthy and poor farmers.

1

Human health risks: There is a growing concern that incorporating foreign genes into plants may have adverse effect on human health, such as allergic reactions.

1

Genetic pollution resulting in loss of biodiversity: GM foods have the potential to harm other organisms. If the resistance of GM foods is transferred to wild plants, it can have negative effects on insects and other animals which feed on them. This can cause a reduction of biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life forms found in a particular ecosystem. GM foods also harm other organisms when insects and animals avoid GM foods and fed on other plants instead. This allows the insect-resistant GM plants to survive and dominate the landscape.

2

An eg is Monarch butterfly that feeds on milkweed. The monarch butterfly caterpillars die after eating milkweed dusted with pollen from Bt-corn.

1

b Study Figure 4B, which shows HIV/AIDS infection rate by country in Africa.



Figure 4B

Describe the pattern of HIV/AIDS infection rates throughout Africa.

3

Highest level in southern Africa. 5.1 to 20.0 in eastern Africa and some areas in western

Africa, just north of Equator. 0.1 to 5.0 in northern Africa, just south of Tropic of Cancer

with some in west Africa and near the Equator.

c Study Table 4, which shows the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in relation to educational attainment in Botswana in 2008. Botswana is labelled on Figure 4B.

Educational attainment and HIV/AIDS prevalence in Botswana

Educational attainment

Male Female

No education 26.0% 31.9%Non-formal (not in school)

23.1% 31.7%

Primary 18.0% 22.7%Secondary 15.2% 26.8%Tertiary 13.1% 19.3%

Table 4

Use Table 4 to help you describe and suggest reasons for the relationship between educational attainment and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS amongst men and women in Botswana in 2008.

5

Generally, for both male and female the higher the level of



education the lower the level of HIV/AIDS. For males and females the highest level is amongst no

education. Females higher level than males for each type of education. (2 @ 1 mark)

The higher the education the greater the ability to understand the consequences of certain actions.

The ability to read the literature about AIDS and prevention. The ability to understand the information issued by the

government through the media. The opportunity to meet / marry people who have a similar

level of understanding Higher level in females may reflect their social standing

compared to males. Young females (with less awareness and knowledge of

disease) may have early experiences with older men with a longer sexual history.

(3 @ 1 mark)

d Using specific examples, assess efforts made to manage the outbreak of HIV/AIDS.

8

Efforts and success may vary from country.An indication of success is given against some efforts as examples of what is acceptable. Educating men, women, adolescents and children about the

disease and prevention. e.g. “National Women and Girls Awareness Days’ on March 10th every year in countries such as South Africa.

Some efforts at spreading information are not very aggressive and reach only small percentage of population.

Efforts in research, counselling and care undertaken but shortage of health care workers limits success.

Efforts of aid organizations and charities including community projects in fostering safe attitude towards sexual activity

- abstain from sex until marriage - be faithful to partner - can be very successful but difficult in case of migrant workers away from families and getting involved in risk-taking behaviour. - correctly and consistently use condoms. - can be as successful as reducing risk by 90% but depends upon overcoming traditions/religions/difficulties of communicating to rural areas and free access to condoms. - provision of clean drug using equipment but success difficult because of illegal nature of drug taking but not all users will come forward or agree to treatment. Also 40% of countries have laws that prevent or limit effective prevention services. Attitude towards mother to child transmission - antiretroviral drugs for HIV positive mothers and children - success rate of 40%-70% in reducing transmission of AIDS to newborns in Botswana – large percentage lack access to drugs. In addition the success depends on adequate nutrition



as HIV/AIDS sufferers need more calories and protein than those unaffected. - alternative to breast feeding Attitude toward blood transfusions - blood screening and safe procedures in preventing infected blood – low level of blood screening in most LDCs but screening in India has seen reduction in infected blood since 1986. In many countries such as India medical treatment is often

difficult because of the discrimination against women with HIV/AIDS in the form of ridicule, harassment and physical assault.

In some countries there is a national action plan but in others the efforts lack coordination, finance, drugs and equipment. - in Kenya there is a national AIDs strategic plan 2009/10 to

2012/13.

Level 1 (0-3 marks) At this level answers will lack detail and may be general in

nature. A basic answer that has little development. This will most likely be naming or brief descriptions of efforts. There may be no or little attempt at assessment of success. A country may or may not be named.

E.g. Some organisations help to educate the people on the need to go for HIV testing. As a result, more people now go for HIV testing and less people have HIV/AIDS.

Level 2(4-6 marks) At this level answers will contain some appropriate detail. The

content will lack balance and some relevant detail. This means that only successful or not successful points are considered. Or both successes and failures are considered, but support is patchy so that the answer is not full. Assessment may be given but may be limited or general in nature. A country will be named in answer.

E.g. Efforts of aid organizations have helped to educate more people going for HIV screening and foster correct attitude towards sexual activity such as abstaining from sex until marriage. As a result, the number of pregnant women wo took up voluntary testing for HIV in Uganda increased. However, success can be difficult in some cultures where deeply rooted traditions, values and beliefs cause individuals to continue with risk-taking behaviour.

Level 3(7-8 marks) At this level answers will be comprehensive and supported by

sound knowledge. There will be assessments of the extent to which efforts were successful, i.e. considering both successful and not successful points. Efforts will be described in detail. Assessment of success will be directly related to each method described. A country will be named in answer.

Total 12 13


