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Chapter 17

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The cold war era and its lessonsContainmentBipolar power structureVietnam

Mikhail Gorbachev and the fall of the Soviet Union

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The post-cold war era and its lessons The air wars of the 1990sMultilateralism approachIraqi invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf War 1990Serbian aggression and war in the Balkans

Bosnia 1995“Ethnic cleansing” in Kosovo 1999

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The post-cold war era and its lessons The war on terrorism

9-11 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacksAfghanistan invasion and ouster of Taliban

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The post-cold war era and its lessons The Iraq War

George W. Bush announces new preemptive war doctrineRationale for war: suspected weapons of mass destruction

Strong international objection to military actionPostwar Iraq very unstableHeavy involvement in Iraq limited U.S. ability to respond

on other frontsWaning public support and the “surge” of 2007

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The post-cold war era and its lessons The Afghanistan escalation and Pakistan

Taliban slowly reasserting controlPakistan used as a safe haven for TalibanAfghan surgeAnalysts and the Pakistani security concernDrawdown of U.S. troops

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The Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy

The Arab Spring and the Iranian nuclear threatUnrest and protest in Tunisia spreads to Egypt and to nearly

every Arab countryU.S. caught off guard by the scale of the uprisingsU.S. and NATO military intervention in LibyaU.S. and the Syrian civil warRise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq UN-backed economic sanctions on Iran because of its

nuclear program

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The Military Dimension of National Security Policy

Military power, uses, and capabilitiesNuclear war

Deterrence policyMutually assured destruction (MAD)Threat of a rogue nation or terrorist group getting and

using a nuclear weapon

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The Military Dimension of National Security Policy

Military power, uses, and capabilitiesConventional war

U.S. capability: two simultaneous medium-sized warsHighly advanced weapons systems All-volunteer military2012 restructuring of the military

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The Military Dimension of National Security Policy

Military power, uses, and capabilitiesUnconventional (guerilla) war

Unconventional attacks and tactics“Winning their hearts and minds”U.S. military struggles to adaptRecent reforms aimed at making the military better able

to combat unconventional warfare

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The Military Dimension of National Security Policy

Military power, uses, and capabilitiesTransnational terrorism

U.S. not prepared before 9/11: too few linguists, not enough focus on the threat of terrorism

War on terrorism aimed at groups versus nationsLack of defined battlefronts

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The Military Dimension of National Security Policy

The politics of national defensePublic opinion

Generally supportiveWanes if military conflict extends for long period

The military-industrial complex

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The Economic Dimension of National Security Policy

Three world economic centersUnited States, Europe, Pacific Rim

Promoting global tradeMarshall PlanMultinational corporationsEconomic globalizationFree trade and protectionismTrade imbalance and China

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The Economic Dimension of National Security Policy

Maintaining access to oil and other natural resourcesMiddle East and the Gulf War

Assisting developing nationsIMF and World BankMisconceptions and low popular support in U.S.

Stabilizing the global economy

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