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PHILOSOPHY
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Lecture 3 (History of the
Past)Brief Historical PHILOSOPHY
Prepared by RPC 2014©
Prepared by RPC 2014©
THE PHILOSOPHICAL EPOCH ESSENTIAL POSIT:
the identity of each epoch to which has its own characteristics
the evolutionary phase or development of the human mind in the history
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Ancient Philosophy philosophical activities of the early Greek world operated over a period some 1000 years from
middle of the 1st millennium B.C to the middle of the 1st millennium A.D
Pre-Socratic period is characteristically COSMOCENTRIC which speaks of non perceptible items such as numbers, deities and universal kinds.
Pre-Socratics proposed bold theories on the largest possible scale
the analysis and evolution of patterns of reasoning and argument
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the importance of understanding in the pursuit of good life
the need to analyze the nature of the human person
the importance of the concept of justice in defining the nature of a political system
they used their reason to understand the world, without appealing to religion, revelation, authority or tradition
they taught other people to use their own reason, and think for themselves
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MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY the term medieval refers to the Middle
Ages , the time in European history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance, from about 500 A.D to about 1350
theocentric in its character during the decline of Greco-Roman
civilization, Western philosophers turned their attention from the scientific investigation of nature and the search for happiness in this world, to the problem of salvation and life in another, better world
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the torch of civilization in Western Europe was carried mainly by the Christian Church, where thought were conducted under the context of Christian doctrines
by the 3rd century A.D, Christianity had spread throughout the Roman Empire.
The religious teachings of the gospels were combined by the Fathers of the Church with many of the philosophical concepts of the Greek and Roman schools.
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The tendency of philosophers during this period was to seek orthodoxy as well as truth. Nearly all medieval thinkers- Jewish, Christian and Muslim-were determined merge or synthesize philosophy with religion.
Islamic civilization performed the function of preserving the culture of classical antiquity, particularly the philosophy of Aristotle
Their thoughts were mire imposing than informative due to the prevalence and dominance of paganism and barbarism
Much of what we now regard as Christian doctrine had its origins in Greek and Hellenistic philosophy
1700-1900
1600
Towards the EPOCH1700 1800 1900
Industrial RevolutionFrench Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Civil Revolution
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
1700 1900
Middle Ages & Renaissance Period
1. Humanistic and devoted to history
2. Christian theology were taken up by intellectual leaders
3. Humanism as the most significant aspect of ancient philosophy
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MODERN PHILOSOPHY characteristically anthropocentric
RENAISSANCE and REFORMATION The Renaissance was a literary and
cultural movement that spread through western Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries
Representation of the transitional period for philosophy from medieval synthesis to modern analysis
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The 15th and 16th centuries were a period of radical social, political and intellectual developments.
The explorations of the world, the Reformation with its emphasis on individual faith the rise of commercial urban society, and the dramatic appearance of new ideas in all areas of culture stimulated the development of a new philosophical world view
Reject the scholastics excessive reliance on the authority of earlier scholars and theologians
Challenged ecclesiastical authority and made individual believers responsible for their own relation to God,
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Renaissance thinkers proposed an analogous elimination of all appeals to authority in education and science
Emphasized the value of the classics for their own sake, rather than for their relevance to Christianity
Educational practiced was revolutionized by the recovery of ancient doctrines, the rejection of institutional authority and renewed emphasis on individual freedom
Philosophers drifted away from abstract speculations in life after death and developed an intense interest in the visible world and in knowledge derived from concrete sensory experience
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Political institutions, ethical principles ceased to be regarded as reflections of divine command and came to be seen as practical devices created by humans
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW: experience and reason became the sole standards of truth
Conspicuous rise in the individualism and secularism: the areas of humanism, religious reformation, politics and skepticism
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ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY Term used to described the trends in
thought during 18th century before French Revolution of 1789-1799
The period of a new enlightened reason, science and respect for humanity, ( rom darkness and ignorance to light)
New discoveries in science and the spirit of cultural relativism
The power of human reason, the us of judicious reason, progress in knowledge, in technical achievement and in moral values.
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Most Enlightenment thinkers did not renounce religion altogether, some accept DEISM, the existence of God but rejecting the practice of Christian Theology
Worldly happiness was placed before religious salvation
No fixed ideas but new methods of thought, explored new ideas in different ways
1700-1800 Mid 18th
Century Capitalism
Civil Revolution
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution and the Industrial
Revolution the breakup of the old order—an order that
had rested on kinship, land, social class, religion, local community and monarchy
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CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Literally means “the philosophy of our
time”Evolutionary Philosophy- the late 19th Century• Second half of 19th century was based more on biology
and history rather than mathematics and physics• Shifted to new ideologies in science, politics and
sociology• The growth of industrial prosperity, population and
urbanization• Growth of working class, labor movement• Advances in Science, increasing secularization
( transformation of society) and growth of materialism
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A New World Order- Transition to the 20th Century Imperialism, industrialization and
advancements in technology and production
Rise of nationalism, militarism and political alliances
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Made the biggest advances on two fronts of philosophy:
1. Radical appraisal of the nature of human knowledge – an attempt to understand the human condition in a universe no longer seen as created by God
2. Seeks to express allegiance to rigor and precision, science, logical techniques and perhaps most distinctively of all- careful investigation of language as the best means of investigating concepts
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THANK YOU! REFERENCES:
Dr. Alex Tenorio: Lecture in Introduction to Philosophy (2005)
Images: Google image