POPULATION AND

DEMOGRAPHY

POPULATIONTo Sociologists it is the number of persons occupying, a certain area, drawing substance from their habitat, and interacting with one another.

To Demographers population is a collective group of individuals occupying a particular place at a given time.

POPULATION GROWTHis the increase in the number of individuals in a population. It is a major factor in energy consumption, housing shortages, inflation food security, unemployment and environmental degradation

DEMOGRAPHYIn their book, Collins Dictionary of Sociology, David and Julia Gary define Demography as the statistical study of human populations with regard to their size and structure, their compositions by sex, age, marital status and changes to these populations like birth rate and death rate.

IBN KHALDUNHe is regarded as the

Father of Demography for his economic analysis of social organization which produced the first scientific and theoretical work on population

DEMOGRAPHERSPetersen defines demographers as people who gather data about the size, distribution, composition, and change in population in order to describe them.

TASKS OF DEMOGRAPHY1. To ascertain the number of people in a given area.2. To know the resources available for their support.3. To determine what changes, growth or decline this number represents

to explain the cause of these changes.4. To estimate on this basis the future trends5. To know the different kinds of people who may make up any given

population with regard to their physical, mental and cultural characteristics.

6. To categorize people on the basis of characteristics like age, sex, marital status, occupation, income, nationality, race, ethnic group, religion and other characteristics.

7. To ascertain the distribution of people among the different countries and regions, both rural and urban.

SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATAPopulation Census like population count.Vital registration statistics system like birth,

death, marriage, and divorceSample or Special Surveys like surveys of

household Demographic data gathered and processed

by the government

COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE

Fertility(Births)

Mortality(Deaths)

Migration(immigration

and emigration)

FERTILITYRefers to the actual number of children born to a woman or a group of women. A simple way to measure fertility is to get the crude birth rate: the number of registered births per 1,000 of the population in a given area at a specified time. In equation form,

CBR=Registered number of Births in a year x 1,000

Total mid-year population

Some Reasons why Philippine Population rapidly increases

Having a large family is traditional to us Perpetuation of the family name Support or security during old age Additional child means additional help in the farm Traditional values of fatalism and “Talaga ng Diyos” An additional child is God-sent, a manna from heaven Belief that God will provide in all our needs Belief that a family is a happy family; the bigger, the merrier Macho image, or image of virility of fathers having big families Help in housework and earning a living

MORTALITYRefers to the number of deaths per 1,000 of the total mid-year population in a particular place at a specified time, and is measured by the crude of death rate. In equation form,

CDR =Registered number of deaths a year x

1,000

Total mid-year population

Factors That Decline The Rise Of Mortality Advance Science of Technology Intensified nutrition or diet Hygiene and sanitation Introduction of safe water supply Improved ways of sewage waste New medical discoveries Improved medical services Adoption of public health services Use of Antibiotic

Life Expectancy Refers to the average of number of years a person is

expected to live at the time of birth.

MIGRATION Another factor which affects population change.

Migration refers to the spatial movements of a group of persons from one place to another, more or less for permanent residency.

When one enters the country of destination it is called immigration. When one leaves the country in order to move to another is called emigration.

POPULATION PYRAMID The population pyramid shows the effects of the three patterns discussed

earlier – births, deaths, and migration. Refers to two-dimensional graph used to display the age and gender

structure of a population. As the birth rate decreases, the pyramid takes on a more diamond shape, it

means that a great portion of the population are added to the nation’s productive labor force.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION

Age StructureSex CompositionDependency RatioPopulation Density

AGE STRUCTURE Refers to the proportion of people at the different age levels. The Philippine age structure is relatively young which makes our

country have a smaller portion of adult labor force. If a society has a more aged people, provisions have to be made

for their care and services. However, there is a larger work force.

SEX COMPOSITION Refers to how the total population is

composed in terms of being males or females.

Males > Females Implies that there should be more

employment opportunities for males like farming, mining, and heavy industry.

Males < Females Implies provisions have to be made for

female employment like clerical, domestic jobs and service-related work opportunities.

DEPENDENCY RATIO Refers to the proportion of the 0-4 and the 65-over

age levels per one hundred persons aged 15-64. A high dependency ratio implies heavy financial

support for more dependents.

POPULATION DENSITY Refers to the number

of people that can be equally and statistically distributed per square kilometer in a given geographical area considering the population in that area.

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

Anthropologists have estimated that people have been on this Earth for about a million or two million years already.

Population back when people are hunter-gatherers was about 125,000 based on the circumstantial evidences.

1850 – slow population growth that in fact, several hundred years were needed for the population of Earth to reach 1B (Willford, 1981).

1930 – population grew to 2 billion due to advances in medicine, farming and transportation.

1960 – population grew to 3 Billion. 1975 – 4th billion of people were added.

Although population began to decline, there are still 146 new human beings each minute, 8790 an hour, 210959 a day, and 77M a year (Nossiter, 1983).

1987 – fifth billion was reached. World population is projected to cross 7B in 2013; 8B in 2028; 9B in 2054; above

10B at 2200 (The World at Six Billion, UN Population Data Division)

BOX 1. THE WORLD AT SIX BILLION: HIGHLIGHTS 1. World population is estimated to cross the six billion threshold on October 12,

1999. 2. World population is projected to cross the 7 billion mark in 2013; the 8 billion mark

in 2028; the 9 billion mark in 2054. World population nearly stabilizes at just above 10 billion after 2200.

3. It has taken just 12 years for the world to add this most recent billion people. This is the shortest period of time in world history for a billion people to be added.

4. World population did not reach one billion until 1804. It took 123 years to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974 and 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987.

5. The highest rate of world population growth (2.04 per cent) occurred in the late 1960s. The current rate (1995-2000) is 1.31 per cent.

6. The largest annual increase to world population (86 million) took place in the late 1980s; the current annual increase is 78 million.

7. Of the 78 million people currently added to the world each year, 95 per cent live in the less developed regions.

8. Eighty per cent of the world currently reside in the less developed regions. At the beginning of the century, 70 per cent did so. By 2050, the share of the world population living in the currently less developed regions will have risen to 90 per cent.

9. The population of the world is ageing. The median age increased from 23.5 years in 1950 to 26.4 years in 1999. By 2050, the median age is projected to reach 37.8 years. The number of people in the world aged 60 or older will also rise from the current one-of-ten persons to be two-of-nine by 2050. Currently around one-of-five persons in the developed countries are aged 60 or older; in 2050 nearly one-of-every three persons will be aged 60 or older.

10. World life expectancy at birth is now at 65 years, having increased by a remarkable 20 years since 1950; by 2050 life expectancy is expected to exceed 76 years. However, in spite of these impressive gains, recent years have shown a devastating toll from AIDS in a number of countries. In addition, in some Eastern European countries, health has been deteriorating and mortality, particularly among adult males, has been rising.

11. Couples in developing countries today have on average 3 children each; thirty years ago they had six. More than half of all couples in developing countries now use contraception.

12. The number of persons who have moved to another country has risen to over 125 million migrants today from 75 million in 1965.

13. The world has become increasingly urban. Currently, around 46 per cent of the world population lives in urban areas; the majority of the world’s population will be urban by 2006

TABLE 1. WORLD POPULATION,

YEAR 0 TO NEAR STABILIZATION

Year Population (in billions)0 0.30

1000 0.311250 0.401500 0.501750 0.791800 0.981850 1.261900 1.651910 1.751920 1.861930 2.07

1940 2.301950 2.521960 3.021970 3.701980 4.441990 5.271999 5.982000 6.062010 6.792020 7.502030 8.112040 8.582050 8.912100 9.462150 9.75

Near stabilization (after 2200) Just above 10 Billion

COUNTRY OR AREA NET ADDITION(thousands)

PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION TO

WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

India 15999 20.6China 11408 14.7Pakistan 4048 5.2Indonesia 2929 3.8Nigeria 2511 3.2Unites States of America 2267 2.9Brazil 2154 2.8Bangladesh 2108 2.7Mexico 1547 2.0Philippines 1522 2.0

World 77738

TABLE 2. TEN TOP CONTRIBUTORS TO WORLD POPULATION GROWTH, 1995 - 2000

Country or Area Rate of natural increase (percent)

Gaza Strip 4.25Yemen 3.37

Somalia 3.38Niger 3.18

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 3.15Solomon Islands 3.14

Oman 3.12Mali 3.10

Afghanistan 3.07Nicaragua 3.03

TABLE 3. TEN COUNTRIES OR AREAS WITH FASTEST AND SLOWEST RATES OF NATURAL INCREASE, 1995 – 2000

Latvia -0.52Bulgaria -0.47Estonia -0.47Ukraine -0.43Russian federation -0.42Hungary -0.38Belarus -0.34Romania -0.23Czech Republic -0.22Lithuania -0.16WORLD 1.33

B. SLOWEST RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE