The Research ProcessResearching,

Citing Sources and Avoiding

Plagiarism

Peachtree Ridge High School

Real Life Consequences

Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin– Goodwin left television position

and stepped down as Pulitzer

Prize judge for “lifting” 50

passage for her 1987 book

The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis).

*picture citation: (“Doris Kearns Goodwin”).

More Real Life Consequences

• Probe of plagiarism at UVA- 45 students dismissed, 3 graduate degrees revoked.

• Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination (Sabato). – He copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy

Picture citation: (“Joe Biden Plagiarism Par Dux”)

Even More Real Life Consequences

New York Times senior reporter Jayson Blair forced to resign after being accused of plagiarism and fraud.

“The newspaper said at least 36 of the 73 articles he had written had problems with accuracy, calling the deception a ‘low point’ in the newspaper's history” (“New York Times Exposes Fraud”).

Citation for picture: (“Jayson Blair”).

POP QUIZ: Is this plagiarism?

Original Source:

– If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists (Valenza 26).

Student’s Paper:

– The existence of a signing ape seemed to be unsettling for linguists, and it was also startling for animal behaviorists.

VERDICT=PLAGIARISM!

The student should have used quotation marks around the words that he/she copied from the original source. Also, there is no parenthetical citation with the author and page number of the source statement.

– Correct: The “existence of a signing ape” seemed to be “unsettling for linguists, and it was also startling for animal behaviorists” (Valenza 26).

Citations are important!

POP QUIZ: Is this plagiarism?

Original Source:– If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling

for linguists, it was also startling news for behaviorists (Valenza 26).

Student’s Paper:– If the presence of a sign-language-using

chimp was disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also surprising to scientists studying animal behavior (Valenza 26).

VERDICT= STILL PLAGIARISM

Even though the writer has substituted synonyms and cited the source, the writer is plagiarizing because the

source’s sentence structure is unchanged. It is obvious that the writer could not have written his

sentence without a copy of the source directly in front of him

Correct: According to Joyce Valenza, linguists and animal behaviorists were unprepared for the news that a chimp could communicate with its trainers through sign language (16).

Author’s name is not included in the parenthesis since it is mentioned in the text of the sentence.

How to Avoid Plagiarism

Practice good research methods

Know how to quote, paraphrase and cite

Know when something is common knowledge

Keep track of every source you use

Indicate in your notes which ideas are taken from your sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)

Using Existing Knowledge

Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideasParaphrase or quote, and cite both!– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the meaning

in another form – Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotation

marks (“”)– Cite: to give credit to original author of material; You

will use parenthetical citations after quotations and paraphrases and include source info on a Works Cited page

What is a Parenthetical Citation?

Whenever you quote words, cite facts, or use ideas from an outside source, you must briefly identify that source by author (or title if there is not credible author) and specify where the words, facts, or ideas originally occurred—for instance by including page numbers.

MLA calls this “parenthetical citation” because the information is placed in a parenthesis. Together, your parenthetical documentation and Works Cited enable your reader to identify your sources and locate the exact passages you have used.

Example: (Smith 278).

More Parenthetical Fun!Use of Authors' Names: Always mention the author's name—either in the text itself or in the parenthetical citation—unless no author is provided.

If the author's name is mentioned in the text introducing the source material, then cite the page number(s) in parentheses:

Ex: Branscomb argues that "it's a good idea to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without contributing anything) for a few weeks, to ensure that you don't break any of the rules of netiquette" (7) when joining a listserv.

cita

tio

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If the author's name is not mentioned in the text then include the author's last name in the parenthetical citation before the page number(s). Note that no comma appears between the author's name and the page number(s).

Ex: The modern world requires both the ability to concentrate on one thing and the ability to attend to more than one thing at a time: "Ideally, each individual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attention, appropriate to different situations, and would learn how to embed activities and types of attention one within another" (Bateson 97).

citation

If no author is identified then substitute for the author's name the title or an abbreviated title in the text or parenthetical citation. Underline the title if the source is a book; if the source is an article, use quotation marks:

Ex: The use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems has grown substantially over the past five years as companies attempt to adapt to customer needs and to improve their profitability ("Making CRM Work").

Placement of Citations: Place a citation as close to the quoted or paraphrased material as possible without disrupting the sentence. In most cases the parenthetical citation will appear after the final quotation mark and before the period!

citation

Direct Quotations

-Quotations are the EXACT words of an author or text, copied directly from the source, word for word. They must be cited!

In his investigation of social identity, The Uses of Disorder, Sennett defines adulthood as a stage where people "learn to tolerate painful ambiguity and uncertainty" (108).

Provide tags (lead in) to direct quotations

Lead in to

quotation

No Quotation Should Stand by Itself!

Always lead in or out of your quotations by weaving your wording with the quotation

Ex: A great philosophy on life is shown in the statement, “All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better” (Emerson 47).

Ex: Though it may seem expensive to keep a person in prison for life, “roughly it's costing us $2 million more to execute someone than it would cost to keep them in jail for life” (Porter 38).

citation

When Quoting Directly

Keep the person’s name near the quotation in your notes, and in your paperSelect those direct quotations that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style

Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Put quotation marks around the text that you are taking word for wordOptional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quotationIndicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .)

Original Quotation– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still

operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”

Altered Quotation– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony

Wier, “More than 130 [research reactors] in dozens of countries still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence” (76).

[ Brackets ]

Original Quotation– “More than 130 of them in dozens of countries still

operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence.”

Altered Quotation– According to researchers Matthew Bunn and Anthony

Wier, “More than 130 [research reactors]…still operate with HEU fuel, and many have no more security than a night watchman and a chain-link fence” (76).

... Ellipses ...

What is a Works Cited Page?

The purpose of the Works Cited page is to give readers a complete bibliographical entry for each source used in an essay.

This complete bibliographical entry will allow the readers to go and find the exact source(s) used in the paper.

A direct connection between parenthetical citations and works cited page entries exists.

Connection Between Parenthetical Citations and Works Cited

See how they match up?

Last name 7Works Cited

 Gross, Daniel. “The Recession is Over! Now What We Need

is a New Kind of Recovery.” Newsweek. 3 Aug. 2009:

32-37. Print.

The Hat Makes the Man. 1920. Drawing. MoMA. Web.

14 Aug. 2009.

Musgrave, Gerald L. "Taxing Ourselves: A Citizen's Guide to

the Debate over Taxes, 4th ed." Business Economics

43.2 (April 2008): 78(2). Print.

Header remains

Hanging indent

ABC order

Summary Take precautions to avoid plagiarism (take careful notes, learn how to paraphrase correctly, use quotation marks for direct quotations, and cite all of your sources!)

Use credible sources (like the databases!) when researching

Refer to the media center web site for useful handouts and tutorials

Use Easybib.com to make your life EASIER!

Works Cited for this Presentation

Works Cited“Doris Kearns Goodwin.” Doris Kearns Goodwin Official Site. 7 September 2011.

Web. 10 October 2011.

“Jayson Blair.” The Time of India. 2010. Web. 10 October 2011.

“Joe Biden Plagiarism Par Dux.” Lame Cherry. 23 August 2008. Web . 10 October

2011.

Lathrop, Ann, and Foss, Kathleen. Guiding Students From Cheating and

Plagiarism to Honest an Integrity: Strategies for Change. Westport, CT:

Libraries Unlimited, 2005.

Lewis, Mark. “Doris Kearns Goodwin And The Credibility Gap.” Forbes. 2 Feb.

2002. Web. 10 October 2011.

“New York Times Exposes Fraud of own Reporter.” ABC News Online. 12 May

2003. Web. 10 October 2011.

Sabato, Larry J. “Joseph Biden's Plagiarism; Michael Dukakis's ‘Attack Video'

1988.” Washington Post Online. 1998. Web. 3 March 2002.

Valenza, Joyce. “What is plagiarism? (And why you should care!)” Springfield

Township High School Virtual Library. 7 Feb. 2008. Web. 10 October

2011.

Should be double-spaced

Web Sites Consulted to Create this Presentationhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.htmlhttp://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.htmlhttp://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html