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PRESENTED BY:- AKHILESH UIKAYCLASS 10TH’B’
ELEMENT:-”HELIUM”……
The Noble Gases• Group 18 Elements -Helium -Neon -Argon -Krypton -Xenon -Radon• Helium is used to fill
balloons.• Neon signs contain
noble gases.
A Ballooning Crisis: Technical and Policy
Recommendations on the Helium Shortage
Helium Shortage OverviewHelium Shortage Overview• Helium shortage existed since 2006Helium shortage existed since 2006• Helium has numerous applicationsHelium has numerous applications• Federal Helium Reserve Program Federal Helium Reserve Program
has existed since the 1960shas existed since the 1960s• Current legislation may determine Current legislation may determine
the future of this finite resourcethe future of this finite resource
Helium HistoryHelium History• Interest began in WWI for defenseInterest began in WWI for defense• Continued use of Helium after WWI lead Continued use of Helium after WWI lead
to the formation of the Bush Dome to the formation of the Bush Dome Reservoir/Federal Helium Reserve Reservoir/Federal Helium Reserve ProgramProgram
• People lost interest in helium towards the People lost interest in helium towards the end of the 1900’s, but it has since end of the 1900’s, but it has since regained importance for science and regained importance for science and technology.technology.
Uniqueness of HeliumUniqueness of Helium• Liquefies at lower temperature than Liquefies at lower temperature than
all other elementsall other elements66
• Chemically inertChemically inert• Highest specific heat capacity of any Highest specific heat capacity of any
gaseous elementgaseous element• Invisible- cannot be rendered Invisible- cannot be rendered
radioactiveradioactive77
Uses of HeliumUses of Helium
Helium ApplicationsHelium ApplicationsDaily Life Applications:Daily Life Applications:
• LCD screen manufacturing-used to make LCD screen manufacturing-used to make sleeve for glass tube in fiber opticssleeve for glass tube in fiber optics
• Welding for specialty metals- chemical Welding for specialty metals- chemical inertness and high heat capacityinertness and high heat capacity
• Processing of semiconductor phone chips- Processing of semiconductor phone chips- cryogenic use and to flush the vesselscryogenic use and to flush the vessels
Helium in HealthcareHelium in Healthcare• Helium used as coolant for magnet Helium used as coolant for magnet
in Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI) technologytechnology
• ~75,000 MRI scans/day, ~20,000 ~75,000 MRI scans/day, ~20,000 jobs at GE Healthcare alone are MRI jobs at GE Healthcare alone are MRI specificspecific88
During shortage, many patients During shortage, many patients will wait for necessary scanswill wait for necessary scans
Helium in DefenseHelium in Defense• Defense is where it all began and continues Defense is where it all began and continues
helium’s use as a lifting gashelium’s use as a lifting gas• Safer than hydrogen as it is less flammableSafer than hydrogen as it is less flammable• Previously used for air travel, currently Previously used for air travel, currently
used for observation in blimps and balloonsused for observation in blimps and balloons• Helium-3 is used in neutron detectors at Helium-3 is used in neutron detectors at
bordersborders
DOI-BLM. <http://www.blm.gov/nm/st/en/prog/energy/helium/federal_helium_program.html>.
LegislationLegislation1996 Helium Privatization Act1996 Helium Privatization Act44
• Based on debt to National TreasuryBased on debt to National Treasury• Required sell-off of helium at flat Required sell-off of helium at flat
raterate• Price mandated by government, not Price mandated by government, not
marketmarket• Did not accurately predict future Did not accurately predict future
uses of heliumuses of helium
Upcoming LegislationUpcoming Legislation2012 Helium Stewardship Act2012 Helium Stewardship Act55
• Allows Federal Helium Reserve to remain Allows Federal Helium Reserve to remain self-sustainable without government self-sustainable without government appropriationsappropriations
• Government phase out- no longer Government phase out- no longer regulates pricesregulates prices
• Slow phase out will allow for time to form Slow phase out will allow for time to form new mines and keep market from a new mines and keep market from a monopoly.monopoly.
Helium’s FutureHelium’s Future• As applications increase the Federal Helium As applications increase the Federal Helium
Reserve must remain operational- swift Reserve must remain operational- swift passage of S.2374passage of S.2374
• House companion billHouse companion bill• New plants should be createdNew plants should be created• Reuse technology should be encouraged Reuse technology should be encouraged
and mandated for large companiesand mandated for large companies• Possible areas for public awarenessPossible areas for public awareness
Helium-3: The Future Energy Source?Helium-3: The Future Energy Source?
OverviewOverview
Helium-3 Background What Is it…Where Is it Found? How Do We get it?
Current Energy Demands U.S. Global
Fossil Fuels & Nuclear Energy Other Energy Alternatives He3 Global Implications He3 Economic Implications Way Ahead Conclusion
What is Helium-3…Where Do We Find It?What is Helium-3…Where Do We Find It? He3 is naturally produced through fusion in the sun Settles on the moon’s surface
Earths atmosphere repels He3 from settling on its surface
He3 combined with deuterium produces energy There is 10 times more energy in He3 than in all of the fossil fuels on Earth (oil, coal, natural gas)
Helium-3…How Do We Get It?Helium-3…How Do We Get It?
Artist's rendition of He3 mining machine
Using direct sun energy, He3 particles will then be heated to about 1400 degrees
1400 degrees is the required temperature to convert He3 to usable energy
Transport energy to Earth Microwave shot or via spacecraft
He3 is not a proven concept but has potential
Estimated 30 – 50 years before Earth could use He3 Increased funding would decrease timeline
Much research and work remains
What’s appealing about He3? Abundance of energy Clean energy
What’s unappealing? Unproven technology Costly R&D / production
United States Energy UseUnited States Energy Use
U.S. spends about $440 billion annually for energy Consumes about 6.2B barrels of oil per year Consumes about 965M tons of coal per year Energy needs expected to increase over the next 25 years
Global Energy UseGlobal Energy Use World oil consumption is expected to grow by 1.3 million bbl/d in both 2008 and 2009 Projected 50% increase in energy requirements by 2030
China/India represent 45% of the increase
World coal usage approx 5.3 B tons
Expected to increase by 2.2B every year through 2025
Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy: Rising Concerns Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Energy: Rising Concerns
OilOil• Some speculation of “peak oil” in Some speculation of “peak oil” in 40-50 years40-50 years• Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues• Geopolitical factorsGeopolitical factors• Rising costsRising costs
Natural gasNatural gas• North American natural gas at North American natural gas at or near peakor near peak• Alaska / other continents gas Alaska / other continents gas resources costly to transportresources costly to transport
CoalCoal• Est. 275 years of resourcesEst. 275 years of resources
• Environmental issues Environmental issues
NuclearNuclear• Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste
• Replace aging reactorsReplace aging reactors• Public health hazard Public health hazard
HydrogenHydrogen
WindWind
Bio-dieselBio-diesel
EthanolEthanol
SolarSolar
Current /Emerging Energy AlternativesCurrent /Emerging Energy Alternatives
FusionFusion
HydroHydro
Global ImplicationsGlobal Implications
U.S.U.S.
• Return to moon 2020Return to moon 2020• Establish Moon BaseEstablish Moon Base• Moon Mining?Moon Mining?
RussiaRussia
• Manned moon Manned moon mission--2022mission--2022• Mining by 2030Mining by 2030
ChinaChina
• Man on moon by 2024Man on moon by 2024• Moon Mining?Moon Mining?
IndiaIndia• Various Space InitiativesVarious Space Initiatives
European UnionEuropean Union• FranceFrance• GermanyGermanyU.N. & Rest of the WorldU.N. & Rest of the World
Global Global ImplicationsImplications
Questions?Questions?
Global Implications: Existing Space TreatiesGlobal Implications: Existing Space Treaties
Outer Space Treaty -- 1967Outer Space Treaty -- 1967
Moon Agreement -- 1984Moon Agreement -- 1984
Additional treaties, agreements and Additional treaties, agreements and international law requiredinternational law required