Recognising Visual and Auditory Stimuli

Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 2

CognitionCognition

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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (MPPE1113)

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MOHD HILMIE BIN MOHD MOKHTAR MPP141006

Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 2

CognitionCognition

Recognising Recognising Visual Visual

& & Auditory StimuliAuditory Stimuli

IntroductionIntroduction

visual stimuli previous knowledge

perception – pattern recognition

– object recognition

interpretation

Background on Visual Background on Visual Object RecognitionObject Recognition

The Visual SystemThe Visual System1.Distal stimulus: what is “out there”what is “out there”

2.2.2. Proximal stimulus = 2. Proximal stimulus = - active retina cells3. Iconic memory = visual

sensory memory4. Occipital lobe = primary visual

cortex inferotemporal cortex

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex


Organization in Visual PerceptionOrganization in Visual PerceptionGestalt Psychology

figure

ground

ambiguous figure-ground relationshipExplanation for figure-ground reversal

1) adaptation of neurons in visual cortex

2) people try to solve the visual paradox

Figure-Ground Figure-Ground RelationshipRelationship


Organization in Visual PerceptionOrganization in Visual PerceptionIllusory Contours (subjective contours)

1) early stages of processing - interpretation

2) later stages of processing - understanding


Theories of Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object Recognition

Feature-Analysis Theorydistinctive features

Eleanor Gibson's researchtime to decide if two letters are different

Recognizing letters and numbers on envelopes


Theories of Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object RecognitionThe Recognition-by-Components Theory

Irving Biederman

structural theory

Geons = 3-D shapes

combine geons to form objects

Problem

standard viewpoint vs. different viewpoint

Viewer-centered approach

GeonsGeons

Top-Down Processing and Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionVisual Object Recognition

In Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing In Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing and Occasional Errors in Object Recognitionand Occasional Errors in Object Recognition

Change BlindnessFail to detect a change in an object or a sceneSimons and Levin's stranger-and-the-door studyDetecting the difference between two scenes identify important changes more quickly more likely to notice an improbable change do not store a detailed representation of a scene individual differences


In Depth: Overactive Top-Down In Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing and Occasional Errors in Processing and Occasional Errors in Object RecognitionObject Recognition

Inattentional Blindnessfail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears

Simons and Chabris' basketball study


In Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing In Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing and Occasional Errors in Object Recognitionand Occasional Errors in Object Recognition

Similarities between change blindness and inattentional blindness

both involve top-down processing when an object appears that is not consistent with their concepts,

expectations, and memory, people often fail to recognize this changed object (change blindness) or this new object (inattentional blindness)

Face PerceptionFace Perception

Should be a challenging taskRecognizing faces from different angles, in different settings, with different expressions

Recognizing Faces Versus Recognizing Recognizing Faces Versus Recognizing Other ObjectsOther Objects

Face perception as "special"Tanaka and Farah--facial features in context vs. isolation

feature identification vs. holistic approach(Gestalt)

Neuroscience Research on Face Neuroscience Research on Face RecognitionRecognition

Prosopagnosia – non-Gestaltinferotemporal cortexsingle-cell recording technique in monkeysfMRI studies

brain's response to faces in upright and upside-down positions

Individual Differences: Face Identification Individual Differences: Face Identification in People with Schizophreniain People with Schizophrenia

schizophreniause of top-down processing in visual perceptiondifficulty perceiving faces

same/different person

same/different emotion

Record sound vibrations of someone talkingTranslate vibrations into a sequence of sounds

that you perceive to be speechDistinguish the sound pattern of one word from

all other irrelevant wordsSeparate voice of speaker from background

noise, including other conversations

Speech PerceptionSpeech Perception

Theories of Speech PerceptionTheories of Speech PerceptionThe Special Mechanism Approach

speech-is-special approach

1) humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli (phonetic module or speech module)

2) we process speech sounds more quickly and accurately than other auditory stimuli

categorical perception

Theories of Speech PerceptionTheories of Speech PerceptionThe General Mechanism Approaches

1) humans use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds and nonspeech sounds

2) speech as learned ability

event-related potential studies

phoneme judgment and visual cues

Education

Recognising Visual and Auditory Stimuli