SPACE PROBES

SPACE PROBES

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INTRODUCTIONA probe is a spacecraft that travels through space to collect science information. Probes do not have astronauts. Probes send data back to Earth for scientists to study. Many probes study Earth or measure properties of space. Other probes use telescopes or other instruments to study planets, stars, and galaxies that are far away. Probes that travel to other planets have changed from simple machines that could study a few features of a planet to sophisticated probes that travel great distances to study a wide range of features on planets, moons, asteroids and comets. We tend to call these more sophisticated probes spacecraft, orbiters, landers and rovers.

HOW DO SPACE PROBES WORK ?Space probes typically carry an instrument package based on the mission, communication equipment to transmit the data and a guidance system. On-board power comes from batteries or fuel cells for short missions, solar panels for researching the inner planets or a small nuclear reactor for travel to the outer planets. In some cases, a gravitational slingshot can help accelerate the probe by using the attractive force of another body, such as a moon, to pull the probe toward its destination.On arrival, space probes can fly by their destination, making observations as they travel, go into orbit or descend to the surface. Sometimes, a probe orbits for a period of time and then, as its mission ends, it crashes into the planet, transmitting data until it is destroyed.Because they are unmanned, space probes have some real advantages. They can measure data in very hostile environments, such as the hot surface of Venus or the methane lakes on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. They can make very long voyages without critical life support resources, such as oxygen, water and food.

PARTS OF A SPACE PROBE:1. Sensors, for navigation and to perform the scientific mission.2. Attitude thrusters, to point the space probe to a specific place.3. Main engine - for velocity changes4. Communications - to send data to earth and receive instructions.5. 'Science packages' - any custom onboard systems for doing the science mission, such as the deployed aerogel panels for catching comet dust particles a few years ago. After their exposure, they had to be retracted for re-entry

Enormous saucer shaped dishes have been built around the world to send messages to these space probes. The DSN(deep space network) of each dish maybe 200ft across.

TEN GREATEST SPACE PROBES1.Voyagers1 and 2 (launched 1977)2.Viking1and2(1975) 3.Galileo(1989)4.Cassini-Huygens (1997) 5.Magellan (1989) 6.Venera 9 (1975)7.Mars rovers(2003)8.Mars Express(2003) 9.Pioneers10and11(1972, 1973) 10.NEAR(1996)

GALILEO 1989FLEW TO JUPITERFIRST TO ENTER INTO ORBIT AROUND JUPITER TO MAKE A LONG TERM DETAILED STUDY OF JUPITER AND ITS MOONS.MARS ROVERS 2003MISSION TO MARSHAS DISCOVERED THAT ONCE THERE WAS LIQUID WATER ON MARS IN THE PAST.MARS EXPRESS 2003MISSION TO MARSTHE MARS EXPRESS ORBITER HAS BEEN HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL SINCE IT WENT INTO MARS ORBIT.IT HAS RETURNED 3D IMAGERY OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE.

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A fly-by probe makes its observations as it passes a celestial body from a distance.The easiest and least expensive missions to other planetary bodies . The amount of information these missions send back to Earth is limited. Examples: Luna 3 was the first spacecraft to view the far side of the Moon. Mariner 4 was launched November 28, 1964, to take the first close-up observations of the planet Mars.

TYPES OF SPACE PROBESFLY-BY PROBES

ORBITERS:

It is a space probe that orbits the planet or moon in a a specific orbit for an extended period of time. Two main advantages- First, the entire surface of a planet may be observed within a few weeks or months. Second, an orbiting spacecraft may make repeated observations of the same area, thereby recording any changes that may have taken place on the planet.Examples: Mariner 9 was launched May 30, 1971. On November 13 it went into orbit around Mars. November 7, 1996, Mars Global Surveyor's primary mission was to perform a comprehensive study of the Red Planet over the course of one Martian year (about 687 Earth days).

LANDERS:A lander is a spacecraft which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body.After the soft landing the probe stays active Although much can be learned about the surface of a planet from orbiting spacecraft, detailed observations must be made on the surface.Examples: Five Surveyor spacecraft landed on the Moon between July 2, 1966, and January 10, 1968. Two Viking spacecraft landed on the surface of Mars in 1976.

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A Rover is a robot vehicle with wheels or treads that roams across the surface, carried by the lander. Its advantage is that it is not confined to one spot.Crewed missions or robotic rovers provide not only mobility but also the capability to do complex tasks and make intelligent and selective observations.Examples: Two Soviet mobile vehicles, the Lunokhods, have landed on the Moon, one in November 1970 and the other in January, 1973. The six Apollo lunar landing missions demonstrated the value of manned exploration of planetary surfaces.

ROVERS:

RECENT PROBES LAUNCHED

AKATSUKIJUNODAWNNEW HORIZONSROSETTACASSINIHAYABUSA-2MOM(MARS ORBITER MISSION)CURIOSITYVOYAGER 1VOYAGER2HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is a NASA Mars mission consisting of a single lander. It will use sophisticated geophysical instruments to investigate the red planets interior. The data collected by InSight may help scientists understand how the terrestrial planets formed. Scheduled for March 2016, the mission launch date was postponed due to issues with the seismometer. It will be at least two years (2018) before the next available launch window because of the relative positions of the planets.

The Akatsuki spacecraft, also known as the Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO), captured this image of Venus on December 6, 2015Launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in May 2010, the spacecraft arrived at Venus seven months later.. VCO flew by the planet and circled the Sun for five years before JAXA was finally able to place it into an alternative elliptical Venusian orbit on December 7, 2015.In August 2015, NASA announced the next potential flyby candidate for the New Horizons spacecraft. Named 2014 MU69, this Kuiper Belt object (KBO) orbits nearly a billion miles beyond Pluto.New Horizons is the first spacecraft to explore Pluto and its moons. It is scheduled to make its closest approach to Pluto on Tuesday, July 14, 2015The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft is the first to study the red planets upper atmosphere. It arrived at Mars in 2014 and will complete its primary science mission on November 16, 2015.

INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION

Chandrayaan-1Chandrayaan-2

Mangalyaan 2Mars Orbiter Mission

Venus orbiter mission

Space probes launched by ISRO

SOURCEShttp://www.isro.gov.inhttps://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/exploring-the-planets/online/whats-new/http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ro-Sp/Space-Probe.html#ixzz3yMLSSys7http://science.howstuffworks.com/physical-science-channel.htmhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/space_probe.aspxwww.pics-about-space.com

THANK YOU FOR WATCHINGFOR MORE INTERESTING VIDEOS:http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission/3d-visualization-of-mars-terrain-using-mars-color-camera-imageshttp://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c30-astrosat-mission/astrosat-mission-explained-video

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