ReimaginEd 2015

Trends in K12 Education

David Havens

@eduhavens

#ReimaginED2015

Vivek Murali

@vivmurali

US students are low income

(eligible for free or reduced lunch)51%

US districts interested in implementing 1:1 solution in next 2 years

teenagers age 13-18

have smart phones

text messages are sent each

day by the average teen

MEANWHILE

60

79

81%

2

Source: Southern Education Foundation, Ambient Insights, Level Playing Field Institute, http://kpk12.com/states/, Benedict Evans “Mobile is eating the world”

US students were

homeless in 2013

states had no black

student take the AP

Computer Science exam

1

30

11

#ReimaginED2015

The following slides analyze how innovations have scaled in education

Systemic inequality rising while mainstream tech catching on

Outline

Continued

Challenges:

Diversity,

Equity, and

Education

The Evolving

LandscapeAppendix

New

Technologies

and

Approaches

4627164

3

#ReimaginED2015

Continued Challenges: Diversity, Equity, and Education

“Too often, America’s education system amplifies not opportunity but inequality.”

NICHOLAS KRISTOF

The New York Times

Source: The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/opinion/sunday/nicholas-kristof-the-american-dream-is-leaving-america.html

4

#ReimaginED2015

Russian Federation*

Korea

Finland

Flanders (Belgium)

France

Ireland

Poland

Netherlands

Canada

Estonia

Sweden

Japan

Australia

Average

Spain

England / N. Ireland (UK)

Danemark

Norway

Italy

Slovak Republic

United States

Austria

Germany

Czech Republic

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Upward mobility

Downward mobility

There is a 5% college completion rate for Americans whose parents didn’t graduate from High School*

Educational mobility in the U.S. is lower than you think

ABSOLUTE EDUCATIONAL

MOBILITY (2012)

Percentage of 25-64 years-old-non-students

whose educational attainment is higher than

(upward mobility), lower than (downward

mobility) or the same as (status quo) that of

their parents.

*compare to 23% for

other wealthy nations

5

Source: Chart A4.3 - OECD Indicators - Education at a Glance 2014

#ReimaginED2015

Many factors influence education opportunity, starting in preschoolOver 8,000 toddlers were suspended from preschool in 2011 school year. 70% were minority.

DISPARITY IN DISCIPLINE STARTS IN PRESCHOOL

43%

4%

29%

18%

1%

4%

2%

26%

3%

42%

25%

0.1%

1%

1%

0.1%

1%

1%

26%

4%

20%

48%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Overall

enrollment

Out-of-school

suspension

(single)

Out-of-school

suspension

(multiple)

White

Two or more races

Hispanio/Latino

Black or African-American

Native Hawaiian

or other Pacific Islander

Asian

American Indian

or Alaska Native

6

Source: U.S. Department of education, Office for civil Rights Data Collection, 2011-12, http://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/civil-rights-education-race-equity-104879.html

#ReimaginED2015

2006 2010 2013

1/501.5M

1/451.6M

1/302.5M

NU

MB

ER

OF

CH

ILD

RE

N H

OM

EL

ES

S A

NN

UA

LLY

General

(non-HHM or FRL)

National Norm

Reduced Meals

Free Meals

Homeless or

highly mobile

180

200

220

240

3 4 5 6 7 8

GRADE

MA

TH

AC

HIE

VE

ME

NT

Homelessness of youth is up 67% in the last 7 yearsGrowth in math and literacy is slower among homeless and highly mobile students

7

Source: The National Center on Family Homelessness at American Institutes for Research http://center.serve.org/nche/downloads/acad-ach-res-article-oct2012.pdf

RISE IN NUMBER OF HOMELESS CHILDREN

#ReimaginED2015

Racial segregation persists 60+ years after Brown v. Board of EducationAn increasing number of black and hispanic students go to schools that are over half-minority

8

Source: nea.org/schoolequity

#ReimaginED2015

PERCENTAGE OF LATINO & BLACK STUDENTS ATTENDED

SCHOOLS THAT WERE MORE THAN HALF MINORITY

Hispanic Students

Black Students

55%

77%

80%

74%

1968-69

School Year

2009-2010

School Year

40 years later…

Black students are 62% more likely to receive discretionary discipline than white students

The racial disparity in discipline continues in high school

9

Source: https://www.aclu.org/racial-justice/infographic-school-prison-pipeline, http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Breaking_Schools_Rules_Report_Final.pdf

#ReimaginED2015

PERCENT OF STUDENTS COMMITING DISCRETIONARY

AND MANDATORY VIOLATIONS, BY RACE AND ETHNICITY.

Students suspended

or expelled for a

discretionary violation are

nearly 3 times more likely

to be in contact with the

juvenile justice system

the following year

Discretionary Punishment

Mandatory Punishment

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

African

American(n=133.719)

Hispanic(n=366.900)

White(n=400.104)

76.7%

7.2%

66.7%

7.9%

47.9%

5.3%

The 90/10 percentile income gap compares to the black/white gap in the 1950s

Not just race: achievement gap between rich and poor widening

10

http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may13/vol70/num08/The-Widening-Income-Achievement-Gap.aspx

AVERAGE DIFFERENCE IN STANDARDIZED TEST SCORES

(90/10 income gap or black-white gap)

90/10 Income Gap

Black-White Gap

.00

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

.25

.50

.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

COHORT BIRTH YEAR

INS

TA

ND

AR

DD

EV

IAT

ION

UN

ITS

#ReimaginED2015

of 8th graders

say they are going

to college

95%

graduate

from HS

80%

are prepared

to succeed

in college

37%

of low income

students are

prepared to

succeed in college

17%

of students in

the lowest income

quartile complete

a college degree

within six years

8%

While 95% of 8th graders say they are going to college, schools prepare only 37%

A vast majority of young people are ill-prepared for college

11

Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

#ReimaginED2015

Educational inequality is manifest in the corporate worldDisparities in STEM Education are mirrored in the STEM Workforce

12

• White and Asian students are more

than 4x as likely to take AP Math

and Science exams and more than

6x as likely to take the AP

Computer Science exam than their

Black and Latino/a peers

• In eleven states, no black students

took the AP Computer Science test

RACIAL AND ETHNIC REPRESENTATION IN THE STEM WORKFORCE

Total workfoce

STEM

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

White alone,

not Hispanic

or Latino

Black or

Africain

American alone

Asian alone American Indian

and Alaska Native

alone

Hispanic

or Latino

(of any race)

66.970.8

10.86.4 5.5

14.5

0.6 0.4

14.9

6.5

Note: Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander alone was combined with Some Other Race because of a small number of sample observation.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011 American Comunity Survey.

Source: http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-24.pdf, Level Playing Field Institute http://lpfi.org/blog/level-playing-field-institute

#ReimaginED2015

U.S. tech companies lack diversity1% of VC-backed internet startups (Series Seed & A) have a black founder. 83% are all white teams.

13

Source: Techcrunch, http://www.lpfi.org/sites/default/files/code2040_lpfi_final.pdf SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics

DIVERSITY IN LEADING U.S. TECH COMPANIES IS LACKING

White

Asian

Hispanic

Black

Two or more race

Other

Facebook Google

Yahoo LnkedlnNon-Hispanic white

Hispanic

Black

Asian

Did not Identify

racially or ethnically

64%16%

12%

5%3%

The labor force by ethnicity

Ethnicity (US only)

34% 57% 30% 61%

38% 55%39% 50%

#ReimaginED2015

Fortune

500 CEOs

by Gender

96%

Men

4%

Women

Fortune

500 CEOs

by Race

and Ethnicity

96%

Non-Hispanic

white

1%

Hispanic

1%

African

American2%

Asian

And the inequality continues up the ladder to leadershipWhite men make up over 90% of Fortune 500 CEOs but less than 35% of all Americans

14

Source: Diversity Inc.

#ReimaginED2015

With equitable access, education can help level the fieldEducation continues to offer a strong return on investment

RETURNS TO EDUCATION COMPARED TO OTHER INVESTMENTS

15

Source: CPS (2009, 2010-12); Damodaran (2013), Federal Reserve Economic Data (2013); National Center for Education

Statistics: (NCES 2012-13); National Mining Association (2012); Shiller (2013); authors’ calculations.

http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/06/13-facts-higher-education

0

5

10

15

20

25

Associate’sdegree

Professional degree

Bachelor’sdegree

Somecollege

Stocks Gold 10-yearTreasurybonds

T-bills Housing

PE

RC

EN

TR

ET

UR

N

#ReimaginED2015

The evolving landscape

“School is where childhood happens. Even if civil war dates are forgotten and geometry

becomes a blur, one lesson must stick: the love of learning.”

LILY ESKELSON

NEA President

16

#ReimaginED2015

Universal pre-K is gaining tractionA highly researched benefit begins to make its way to practice

0% of 4-year-olds served

1-10% of 4-year-olds served

11-20% of 4-year-olds served

21-30% of 4-year-olds served

31-40% of 4-year-olds served

41-50% of 4-year-olds served

51-60% of 4-year-olds served

61-70% of 4-year-olds served

17

Source: http://preschoolmatters.org/2012/11/01/preschool-for-yall-the-rise-of-early-education-in-the-south/

#ReimaginED2015

PERCENT OF 4-YEAR-OLDS SERVED BY STATE PRE-K

Adopted

Not adopted

Common Core continues to roll out around the countryConfronting new challenges and opportunities along the way

COMMON CORE ADOPTION ACROSS THE USA

18

Source: www.corestandards.org

#ReimaginED2015

Graduation rates have increased in the past twenty years81% of high school students are graduates (the equivalent of 7,000 dropouts/day)

AVERAGED FRESHMAN GRADUATION RATE FOR PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS:

SCHOOL YEARS 1990–91 THROUGH 2011–12

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011-121990-91

7471 72

73

80 81

1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11

SCHOOL YEAR

19

Source: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_coi.asp

#ReimaginED2015

Teachers have a huge impact on student performanceStudent performance varies greatly depending on quality of teacher

20

Source: http://www.cgp.upenn.edu/pdf/Sanders_Rivers-TVASS_teacher%20effects.pdf

THE EFFECT OF TEACHER QUALITY

There is a 53%

difference in student

achievement based

on performance

of the teacher

100th

50th

0th

8 11

Age

ST

UD

EN

TP

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

( IN

PE

RC

EN

TIL

E) Student with

top-quintile teacher

Student with

bottom-quintile teacher

90th

37th

#ReimaginED2015

"Students of different ethnicities respond equivalently

within the same quintile of teacher effectiveness"

1

2

3

4

5

Other

1

4

32

4

6

4

Years of

experience

required

Number

of states

Two years is too

soon for a teacher

to earn tenure

Public school teachers

should not receive

tenure at all

Two years is

the right amount

of time for tenure

Refuse

Two years is too long

for teachers

to wait for tenure

38%

41%

35%

35%

17%

13%

6%

7%

4%

5%

All voters

Parents

VOTERS DISAGREE WITH CURRENT

TEACHER TENURE REQUIREMENTS

Poll Question: California public school teachers are currently

awarded tenure after 18th months in the classroom. Which of the following

do you agree with most:

Vergara v California put spotlight on teacher tenure laws nationallyStates re-examine how easy it should be to get tenure

HOW LONG BEFORE A TEACHER EARNS TENURE?

21

Source: http://studentsmatter.org/event/vergara-trial-day-16/?instance_id=165, http://edsource.org/2014/poll-finds-common-core-opposition-rising-in-state/64917#.VFv2KfTF9ig

#ReimaginED2015

Total working hours

Hours spent on teaching

Hours per week

United States

Chile

Alberta (Canada)

Brazil

Mexico

Abu Dhabi (UAE)

Estonia

Portugal

Finland

Slovak Republic

England (United Kingdom)

Croatia

Average

Latvia

Flanders (Belgium)

Iceland

Denmark

Korea

Spain

Poland

France

Australia

Bulgaria

Serbia

Israel

Czech Republic

Japan

Sweden

Italy

Singapore

0 10 20 30 40 50

While teachers continue innovating with few resourcesThe average U.S. teacher spends 1000 hours instructing each year

TEACHERS SALARIES $1000 s (OECD DATA)

These figures show how much teachers get paid on average each

year in dollars, average gathered over 15 years.

AVERAGE HOURS SPENT WORKING AND TEACHING

PER WEEK

68.82

57.87

53.73

51.47

47.34

47.3

45.93

44

42.81

41.71

41.52

41.46

40.90

Switzerland

Netherlands

Germany

Belgium

Korea

Ireland

Japan

Australia

Finland

Danemark

Spain

United States

United Kingdom

Source: http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/sep/05/how-the-job-of-a-teacher-compares-around-the-world, http://www.oecd.org/edu/school/TALIS-Teachers-

Guide.pdf

22

#ReimaginED2015

Total working hours

Hours spent on teaching

Hours per week

United States

Chile

Alberta (Canada)

Brazil

Mexico

Abu Dhabi (UAE)

Estonia

Portugal

Finland

Slovak Republic

England (United Kingdom)

Croatia

Average

Latvia

Flanders (Belgium)

Iceland

Denmark

Korea

Spain

Poland

France

Australia

Bulgaria

Serbia

Israel

Czech Republic

Japan

Sweden

Italy

Singapore

0 10 20 30 40 50

Venture capital entering edtech at record levelsWith investments in K12 education technology up 32% from 2013, to $643 million

ED TECH FINANCING: INVESTMENT DEALS AND DOLLARS Q1’09 – Q2’14

23

Source: https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/ed-tech-investment-report-2014/, NewSchools Venture Fund http://www.newschools.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-k12-edtech-funding-in-2014

12

29

1922

17

2925

29

43

57

4744

51

63 62

7278

98

85

73

95

81

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Q1 '09

Q2 '09

Q3 '09

Q4 '09

Q1 '10

Q2 '10

Q3 '10

Q4 '10

Q1 '11

Q2 '11

Q3 '11

Q4 '11

Q1 '12

Q2 '12

Q3 '12

Q4 '12

Q1 '13

Q2 '13

Q3 '13

Q4 '13

Q1 '14

Q2 '14

Do

llars

In

veste

d (

M)

Amounted Invested (M$)

Number of Deals

#ReimaginED2015

Signed a new law

Passed a bill

Introduced a bill

Had no bills

A bill died

Ensuring that companies use learning data to improve learning, not sales

Privacy laws concerning student data continue to evolve

see

appendix

for more

details

24

Source: http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/10/08/07privacy.h34.html, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/day-life-data-mined-kid

#ReimaginED2015

Virtual school students are fastest growing K12 sub-populationWhile adoption is increasing dramatically, effectiveness is mixed and controversial

VIRTUAL SCHOOL ENROLLMENT

0

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

NU

MB

ER

OF

ST

UD

EN

TS

YEAR

25

Source: http://nepc.colorado.edu/files/nepc-virtual-2013-section-1-2.pdf

#ReimaginED2015

Source: The Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project, April 26 – May

22, 2011 Teen/Parent Survey. n=799 teens ages 12-17 and a parent or guardian.

Interviews were conducted in English and Spanish, on landlines and cell phones.

Mobile phones offer key access to poor and rural communitiesTeens w/ household incomes <$30k per year send significantly more SMS messages than their peers

TEXTS SENT PER DAY FROM TEENS (12-17)

BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME

SMARTPHONE PENTRATION BY AGE DEMOGRAPHIC% by age group who own a smartphone

26

Source: http://www.edisonresearch.com/2014-smartphone-ownership-demographics/

AGE

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

All

61%

74%80% 79%

69%

57%

45%

25%

12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

NU

MB

ER

OF

TE

XT

S

Mean

Median

0

50

100

150

200

250

Less than $30K $30K - $50K $50K - $75k $75K +

#ReimaginED2015

New Technologies and Approaches

“With the energy, creativity and money being invested recently in [education],

I am optimistic that this time will indeed be different”

UMANG GUPTA

Silicon Valley Technology

Entrepreneur, wrote Oracle’s first

business plan

27

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of student and school data

28

#ReimaginED2015

Re-imagination of student dataOne-dimensional data systems → holistic and benchmarked data

Incremental and static Holistic and actionable

Source: Schoolzilla

29

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of data analytics toolsNew tools provide school leaders with actionable, timely data that make school decisions proactive

Key Questions Addressed

30

How do we ensure

more equitable

enrollment of students

in AP/IB courses?

How do we make

rigorous AP/IB course

offerings more available

to minority students?

What’s the connection

between technology use

and learning outcomes

in my school?

What residual problems

may arise from technology

adoption?

Do I provide my students

with effective feedback

to improve?

Am I conveying class

material effectively?

How does school

spending impact

student outcomes?

How does school

spending compare to

other districts with

similar demographics?

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of assessments

31

#ReimaginED2015

Re-imagination of assessmentsDriven by mobile and CCSS, moving from high-stakes summative testing to digital portfolios of work

Important and longitudinal,

but infrequent and often too late

Valuable diagnostic tools that

identify gaps

Media rich digital portfolios

Long Cycle Time Short Cycle Time

32

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of feedbackWritten feedback → dynamic voice enabled feedback

Dynamic, voice enabled

feedback

Prescriptive feedback

that lacks nuance

33

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of school-to-home communication

34

#ReimaginED2015

Re-imagination of school-to-home communicationRobo-calling and infrequent in-person meetings → personalized, real-time communications

Infrequent one-way status updatesRegular communication

that empowers parents to be actors,

not observers

35

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of school-to-home communicationFree & teacher friendly products are pioneering a new model of viral, consumer-like growth

23 million teachers and parents$60 million invested

Consumer Mobile

38 million teachers, parents and students, $10 million invested

46 million teachers, students, parents$88 million invested

400 million active users$58 million invested, $19 billion acquisition

100 million active users$648 million invested,$10 billion valuation

300 million active users$57 million invested, $1 billion acquisition

Teacher User

Student Users

Parent Users

Education

With each signup, a teacher offers a built-in community of potential users

36

Source: Publicly disclosed data, Note: Snapchat figure based on industry estimates that vary between 100M - 200M, http://www.fastcompany.com/3041031/fast-feed/startups-battle-for-

one-of-educations-most-valuable-opportunities-parent-teacher-m

#ReimaginED2015

Evolution of teacher professional development

37

#ReimaginED2015

Re-imagination of teacher professional developmentOne size fits all static content → peer-led, personalized, and simulation-based instruction

Static, undifferentiated Collaborative teacher-driven PD

Source: EdCamp

“The best PD has been when a teacher shows me what

has revolutionized their classroom.” – A US teacher

38

Source: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Teachers Know Best: Teachers’ Views on Professional Development

#ReimaginED2015

29%

51%

Few teachers are highly

satisfied with current

professional development offerings.

51% of educators do not engage

in any formal professional learning

Landscape of teacher professional developmentCommunities have formed both online and in person to advance teacher development

WHY IT MATTERSOffline

CommunitiesOnline

Communities

Educator Focused Content

Opportunities for Simulation

Unstructured Educator Forums

39

Source: Brightbytes, NewSchools Venture Fund

#ReimaginED2015

Emerging Evolutions

40

#ReimaginED2015

Re-imagination of teacher spendingOut-of-pocket expense, slow reimbursement time → Crowdfunded, easy approval and tracking

Paper-based, manual

entry expensingStreamlined discovery and purchasingOut-of-pocket spending

The average teacher spends $480

out-of-pocket on classroom supplies

Can take 2-3 months

for reimbursement

41

#ReimaginED2015

Other re-imaginations that excite usThere has never been a better time in education to be a technology entrepreneur

Project Based Learning Peer to Peer Learning

Data Literacy Kinesthetic Engagement

42

#ReimaginED2015

There’s more work to doELA, science, and cross-disciplinary education still necessitate better tools

43

TEACHER VOICES: AREAS THAT LACK USABLE DIGITAL TOOLS

• High School Math and

ELA tools

• Grades 3-8 cross-

disciplinary products

• Grade 3-8 science

products

• Project based learning

workflow tools

Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

#ReimaginED2015

So, you want to re-imagine education?

#ReimaginED2015

QUESTIONS?

Contact dhavens@newschools.org

JOIN IN

45

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COMMUNITY

WORK FOR A

START UP

ATTEND

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entrepreneurs/submit

Appendix

#ReimaginED2015

A sampling of student data laws enacted

LIMITING DATA COLLECTION

• Florida prohibits school districts from collecting unique biological data –

called biometrics – including students fingerprints or scans of the vein

patterns in their palms.

• Kansas forbids districts from collecting biometric details on minors, and

from surveying them about religious, moral or sexual beliefs, without

parental consent.

• Louisiana prohibits public school employees from collecting information

about students political or religious beliefs, family income, relationships

with ministers of doctors and gun ownership.

• Louisiana, Rhode Island and Maine protect students or

prospective students from having to give school officials access to their

personal social media accounts or email addresses.

• New Hampshire prohibits students email addresses, Social Security

Numbers, biometric data, criminal records and information about family

members from being stored in a state-run educational database.

• Virginia prohibits ‘public institutions of higher education’ from selling

information about students, including thair named, addresses and email

addresses, to marketers.

INCREASING TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

• Laws in Colorado, Idaho and West Virginia require the

publication of lists of data points collected about students, such as race,

ethnicity, disability status, disciplinary record, family financial status and

medical conditions like asthma. Colorado’s list includes a category for

‘dietary supplements for weight control.’

• Colorado must also list the names of third-party data warehouse, cloud

service, learning apps and educational sites under contract with the

education department that hold student data.

REGULATING THE HANDLING OF DATA

• Noth Carolina requires the states board of education to develop a

plan for securing student information. State officials must also develop

rules to comply with a federal student privacy law, called the Family

Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or Ferpa.

• Wyoming directs the state’s departments of education and enterprise

technology to create a data security plan for students information. Among

other steps, state officials are required to develop procedures for data

breach prevention and notification.

47

Source: http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/10/08/07privacy.h34.html, http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/day-life-data-mined-kid

#ReimaginED2015

Expectations of educational achievement vary with household income86% of high income parents expect children to go to college vs. 50% of low income parents

PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS FOR ACADEMIC ATTAINMENT FOR CHILDREN IN GRADES 6-12,

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY HOUSEHOLD INCOME LEVEL (2007)

High School or Less

Some Postsecondary Education

Bachelor’s Degree or Higher

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

$25.000 or less

19.3

11.4

28.4

59.8

6.2

23.9

70.7

2.2

11.2

86.5

30.8

49.9

$25.001 - 50.000 $50.001 - $75.000 More than $75.000

48

*Some postsecondary education include attending a vocational or technical school after high school, or attending two or more years of college but finishing with less than a four-or five-

year college degree.

Source: Child Trends’ original analyses of National Household Education Survey data.

#ReimaginED2015

National spotlight starts to look at diversity and accessibility in higher edNew York Times pilots college access index as department of education develops new ranking system

College

Vassar

Grinnell

U.N.C. - Chapel Hill

Smith

Amherst

Harvard

Pomona

St. Mary’s (ind.)

Susquehanna

Columbia

Rice

Kalamazoo

Wesleyan

Denison

Pell

(2012-2014)

23

24

21

23

20

17

18

24

25

16

18

21

18

20

Pell

(2008)

12

14

13

16

16

13

12

14

17

12

15

13

12

11

Net price, low-

to middles-income

$5.600

$10.400

$7.600

$11.600

$8.400

$3.000

$5.200

$15.900

$18.000

$3.500

$8.100

$13.900

$8.700

$11.800

College Access

Index

3.1

2.7

2.3

2.2

2.0

2.0

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

Endowment

per students

$340.000

$880.000

n/a

$440.000

$940.000

$1.520.000

$1.170.000

$80.000

$50.000

$320.000

$810.000

$190.000

$200.000

$330.000

49

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/09/upshot/100000003098950.mobile.html?abt=0002&abg=1

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In 40 years, spending has doubled while achievement has notWith spending levelling off, schools must be smarter about the resources they do have

200

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

250

300

350

400

450

500

$4.000

$6.000

$8.000

$10.000

$12.000

YEAR

Per-student Expenditures

Mathematics: Age 17

Reading: Age 17

Mathematics: Age 13

Reading: Age 13

Mathematics: Age 9

Reading: Age 9

$11.184

$4.529

AVERAGE US PER-PUPIL

EXPENDITURES AVERAGE SCALE

SCORES ON NATIONAL

ASESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL

PROGRESS (NAEP). SPENDING

DATA IN CONSTANT 2011-12

US DOLLARS.

50

Source: National Center for Education Statistics http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/lttdata

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Native American, Black, and Hispanic students overrepresented in dropouts

Minority students make up 59% of 9-12 dropouts but 38% of the population

PUBLIC HIGHT SCHOOL EVENT DROPOUT RATE FOR GRADES 9-12,

BY RACE/ETHNICITY: SCHOOL YEAR 2009-10

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

White Black Hispanic Asian /

Pacific

Islander

American

Indian /

Alaska

Native

2.3

5.5 5.0

1.9

6.7

51

Source: U.S. Departement of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), ‘NCES Common Core of Data State Dropout and Completion Data File,’

School Year 2009-10, Version 1a., ed.gov/news/speeches/partnering-education-reform, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013309rev.pdf

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