Reserch Methodolgy - research design

RESEARCH DESIGN

12/23/2014ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

Like an architect prepares a blue print

before he approves a construction – in the

same way researcher makes or prepares

a plan or a schedule of his own study

before he starts his research work.

This helps the researcher to save time

and also save some of his crucial

resources. This plan or blue print of

study is referred to as the research

design.

According to Russell Ackoff, research

design is the process of making decisions

before a situation arises in which the

decision has to be carried out. It is

actually a process of deliberate

anticipation directed towards bringing an

unexpected situation under control.

INTRODUCTION AND MEANING

12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

STEPS OF RESEARCH DESIGN


Research design is also called as the research strategy and the

various steps or stages that a research design may include can be

summarized as follows –


1) What is study about?

2) Why is study being made?

3) Where will the study be carried out?

4) What type of data is required?

5) Where Can The Required Data Be Found?

6) What period of time will the study include?

7) What will be the sample design?

8) What techniques of data collection will be used?

9) How will the data be analysed?

10) In what style will the report be prepared?12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

Keeping in view above stated design decisions, one may

split the overall research design into following parts:

Sampling design: it deals with the method of selecting items to

be observed for the given study.

Observational design: it relates to the conditions under which

the observations are to be made.

Statistical design: it is concerned with the question of how

many items are to be observed and how the information and data

gathered are to be analyzed.

Operational design: it deals with the techniques by which the

procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational

designs to be carried out.


1.Consumes less time.

2. Ensures project time schedule.

3. Helps researcher to prepare

himself to carry out research in a

proper and a systematic way.

4. Better documentation of the

various activities while the project

work is going on.

5. Helps in proper planning of the

resources and their procurement in

right time.

6. Provides satisfaction and

confidence, accompanied with a

sense of success from the

beginning of the work of the

research project.

ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH DESIGN


A Classification of Research A Classification of Research

DesignsDesigns

Single Cross-

Sectional Design

Multiple Cross-

Sectional Design

Research Design

Conclusive

Research DesignExploratory

Research Design

Descriptive

Research

Causal

Research

Cross-Sectional

Design

Longitudinal

Design


EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

The exploratory research design, as the name suggests,

involves getting a feel of the situation and emphasizes a

discovery of ideas and possible insights that may help in

identifying areas of further rigorous study. Exploratory

research is usually conducted when the researcher does

not know much about the problem and needs additional

information or desires new or more recent information.

USES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

a) Formulate a problem or define a problem more

precisely

b) Identify alternative courses of action

c) Isolate key variables and relationships for further

examination

d) Gain insights for developing an approach to the

problem

e) Establish priorities for further research.

METHODS OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH

Pilot surveys

Survey of experts

Secondary data analyzed in a qualitative way

Qualitative research12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH

Provides information that is useful in reaching

conclusions or decision-making. Can be sub-divided into

two major categories:

1. Descriptive (statistical) research: describe the

characteristics of the population under study. It is

undertaken to provide answers to questions of who,

what, where, when, and how.

Use of Descriptive Research

To describe the characteristics of relevant groups, such

as consumers, salespeople, organizations, or market

areas.

To estimate the percentage of units in a specified

population exhibiting a certain behavior.

To determine the perceptions of product

characteristics.

To determine the degree to which marketing variables

are associated.

To make specific predictions12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Cross-Sectional Design Longitudinal Design


DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCHCROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN

• A cross-sectional design is used

for research that collects data on

relevant variables one time only

from a variety of people, subjects,

or phenomena.

• The cross sectional study is aimed

at taking a one time stock of the

situation or the phenomenon in

which the decision maker is

interested.

• Cross sectional designs give the

picture of the situation at a given

point of time. The data are

collected all at the same time (or

within a short time frame).

LONGITUDINAL DESIGN

• A fixed sample (or samples)

of population elements is

measured repeatedly on the

same variables over two or

more distinct time periods.

• This allows the researcher to

measure change in variables

over time.

• A longitudinal design differs

from a cross-sectional design

in that the sample or samples

remain the same over time.12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

D/F B/W EXPLORATORY AND DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Research

design

Exploratory Descriptive

Overall Design Flexible Design Rigid Design

Sampling design Non-probabilitysampling design

(purposive or judgment sampling

Probability Sampling (random sampling)

Statistical Design

No Pre-Planned design for analysis.

Pre-Planned design for analysis

ObservationalDesign

Unstructured Instrument for

collection of data.

Structured and well thought instruments for

collection of data


2) Causal Research Design

In causal research, the emphasis is on specific

hypotheses about the effects of changes of one

variable on another variable. It deals with cause-

effect relationship. It involves experiment where

an independent variable is changed or

manipulated to see how it affects a dependent

variable by controlling the effects of extraneous

variables.

Uses of Casual Research

1) To understand which variables are the cause

(independent variables) and which variables are

the effect (dependent variables) of a

phenomenon

2) To determine the nature of the relationship

between the causal variables and the effect to

be predicted

Method of causal research

Experiments12/23/2014 ITFT COLLEGE CHANDIGARH

Education

Reserch Methodolgy - research design