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Research indicates that organizations that successfully apply collective innovation methods are able to reconcile seemingly contradicting management situations. Further it is shown that people in liminal conditions, e.g. periods of transitions or on the borderlines between organizations, experience a state of flux where contradictions arise: assigned roles, and goals are difficult to understand for those individuals. more: http://clicresearch.org/peter-pribilla-stiftung/?page_id=122
Citation preview
Visualizing the Invisible
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Project leaders: Tobias Fredberg, Pascal Le Masson, Blanche Segrestin, Martin Wiener
Team Members: Marine Agogué, Elsa Berthet, Martin Stötzel, Anna Yström
Munich, October 24th, 2011
Dilemmas of collective innovation
Recent insights in the literature suggest that
1. Successful collective innovation is based on the capacity to solve these dilemmas (see Ihl 2010)
2. There are today managers of collective innovation who might be able to organize this simultaneous solve (see Fredberg et al. 2011, Agogué & Yström 2010)
2
Motivation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Managing for solving the dilemmas of collective innovation: actors, activities, methods?
Management Dimension
Well-known dilemmas in innovation
In case of collective innovation:
– Some dilemmas are reduced: larger and cheaper access to knowledge and ideas…
– A lot of new dilemmas emerge!
Managers of collective innovation?
Take risk
Create Knowledge
Explore Exploit
Reuse Knowledge
Take Risk
Multiple perspective
Multiple stakeholder
Free commitment
No authority
Share assets
Shared vision
Conflict of interests
No work division
Slow convergence
Protect assets
Collective innovation manager?
Research has focused on the innovation leader (“focal firm”) who makes use of external resources for his own goals… (Elmquist, Fredberg, Olilla 2009)
Recent results have underlined that these “heroes of open innovation” actually rely on organized milieux, structures and processes:
– First approaches have studied open innovation market intermediaries (Innocentive, Ninesigma,…) (Diener & Piller 2010)
– These works underlined the limits of pure brokering: limited cooperation, knowledge transfer rather than knowledge creation, limited exploration (Sieg et al. 2010, Birkinshaw 2011)
– Some works described more complex innovative milieux, collaborative ecosystems, platforms and colleges (Gawer 2009, Le Masson et al. 2011) that support the activities of open innovators
Hence there might be managers of collective innovation that are more than pure brokers... But their role, management areas and methods are largely hidden (research gap)
3
State of the art
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Research Questions:
Where and how are these managers of collective innovation doing this?
What are the key management areas to create conditions for for collective innovation initiatives?
How can we help collective innovation managers to visualize/manage these areas?
1.
2.
3.
Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 4
Research Background and Method
Management
Dimensions
Simultaneous Solve? Interests/
Goals
Focus Governance
IP management
Innovation strategy
Exploration vs. Exploitation
Hierarchical vs. Autonomous
Company vs. Network
Protecting vs. Revealing
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Organization
Conflicting vs. Collective
Four Case Studies to help “visualize” the invisible collective innovation manager
Management Dimensions
Four case studies to uncover a new actor: The collective innovation manager
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 5
Research Background and Method
Toward a new management actor: The collective innovation manager, relying on specific managerial techniques:
visualizing the unknown,
visualizing the interdependencies,
visualizing the nature of the OI place,
visualizing network creation
Simultaneous Solve?
Interests/ Goals
Focus Governance
IP management
Innovation strategy
Exploration vs. Exploitation
Hierarchical vs. Autonomous
Company vs. Network
Protecting vs. Revealing
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Organization
Conflicting vs. Collective
Our case findings support the assumption that collective innovation managers apply simultaneous solves in several management dimensions
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 6
Case Study Results (Siemens)
Organization
IP Management
Governance
Centralized: Structures, guidelines, processes and tools
Decentralized: Responsible for running collective innovation initiatives
Protecting: Intellectual property is systematically secured in patents
Revealing: Unused IP and technologies are commercialized via licenses and Spin-outs
Simultaneous Solve1)
No top-down targets and KPIs, and no pure bottom-up activities
Idea selection: Bottom-up pre-selection (short-listing) via voting, but final top-down management decision
1) Harvey balls: = simultaneous solve identified; = simultaneous solve not identified
1.
EXPLOITATIONS Known competences and skills Established firms and
interactions with partners Stable identity of the objects
EXPLORATIONS Re-discussing the identity of
the objects Exploring new ideas Involving new actors
Example: Visualize the Unknown to support collective innovation (1/2)
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 7
Visualization (of opportunities)
Example: Visualize the Unknown to support collective innovation (2/2)
8
Using C-K referential : Cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
Generated actions of C-K referential 1. Define new projects for established
firms
2. Build new partnerships
3. Expand the scope of action for institutions who want to act as an open innovation facilitator
4. Foster new ways to interact (seminars)
1 Mobilizing existing knowledge in a different concept is attainable for established firms
2 Identifying complementary actors who have the knowledge and/or skills that are currently lacking
3 & 4 Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop
+
Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill the knowledge gaps and to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
1.
2.
3.
4.
+
Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (1/2)
9
Few relationships between stakeholders
Farm
Coop
Research Center
Local Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agrosystem
That produces food for humans
That provides food of good quality
Maximizing yields Preserving natural equilibria
Only with profitable crops
With areas of regulations (grasslands)
Using chemicals, fertilizers…
Using ecosystem services
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Initial situation
Initial situation: no common ground
Concepts Knowledge
Example: Visualize Conflicts to manage collective innovation (2/2)
10 Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Functions having an individual potential value
Functions having a collective potential value
Design parameters (DP) activated at an individual level
i.e. use fertilizers to increase grassland yields
i.e. reduce the use of herbicides to preserve groundwater
DP activated at a collective level
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to reduce individual costs for farmers
i.e. coordinate grassland localization to maximize biological control
List of attributes from a productive and from an ecological perspective:
Common/cleaving attributes Potential values associated to these attributes
A productive agrosystem that preserves natural equilibria
Without grassland
With grasslands
Frequent mowing
No mowing in Summer
Reduced herbic.
No use of herbicides
Use of herbicides
Use of herbic.
Without localization of
grasslands
Without localization
With localization
No mowing
Visualize opportunities for open innovation that overcome the initial dilemma
Building on the identified simultaneous solves, we were able to identify four key management areas for collective innovation initiatives
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 11
Key Management Areas
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
Exploitation vs. exploration
strategy
Company vs. network
focus
Conflicting vs. collective
interests/goals
Centralized vs. decentralized organization
2.
Uncover an (unexpected) collective innovation management…
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 12
Key Management Areas More than incentives…
…Commit the right people to contribute to collective
innovation
Don’t avoid conflicts, don’t look for trade
offs… …Deal with
conflicts in a creative way
Before sharing knowledge …
…Share an agenda of
open issues
Not a shared vision! A legitimate place for collective
innovation
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
… with relevant visualization techniques
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 13
Key Management Areas
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdepen-dencies
How can we go from conflicting
interests to collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and through what
channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we know to
open the box?
Visualize the unknown
Visualize the emerging, relevant networks
Visualize interdependencies
Visualize the legitimate place
More than incentives… …Commit the right people to contribute to collective
innovation
Don’t avoid conflicts, don’t look for trade
offs… …Deal with
conflicts in a creative way
Before sharing knowledge …
…Share an agenda of
open issues
Not a shared vision! A legitimate place for collective
innovation
A workshop concept to help visualizing and managing each of the 4 key management areas
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 14
Visualization Workshops
Visualize the opportunity space
Visualize the infrastructure (and performance)
Visualize conflicts and interdependencies
Visualize the nature of collective innovation
Objectives
Diagnosis technique (visualization)
(Tutorial for) Practical application
Conclusion
WORKSHOP STRUCTURE 1
2
3
4
Collective Innovation
Management
Interdependencies
How can we go from conflicting interests to
collective goals?
Media Infrastructure
How can we find the relevant people and
through what channels/tools?
Focus
How can we create a
legitimate place for open
innovation?
Issue and opportunties
How can we use what we
know to open the box?
3.
Workshop – Visualizing the Unknown
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
1) Purpose Unveiling innovation strategies dilemmas “exploration vs. exploitation”
Can a innovation lock-in situation be diagnosed, and is it possible to objectify the gap between
expected innovations and the ones that are currently attainable by existing innovation
capabilities ?
2) Case study Harnessing ICT innovation to augment the lives of the fragile and elderly people in the Rhone-
Alps region (France) An assessment : demand on the market increases (aging population) whereas few products or
services arrive on the market today and provide successfully solutions An orphan innovation situation : an innovation highly expected by society, but that no actor or
consortium of actors can manage to process whereas all the structural conditions to foster it are gathered.
3) Initial diagnosis
There is a gap between attainable exploitations (that mobilize known competences and skills, established firms and interactions with partners, dealing with a stable identity of the objects) and expected explorations (that re-discuss the identity of the objects, explore new ideas and involve new actors)
4) How can an OI manager solve the dilemma?
Visualizing the unknown can make it possible to overcome an exploration / exploitation dilemma
5) Tutorial for an open innovation manager
6) Conclusion
Visualizing unknown paths of innovation created at a collective level can help an open
innovation manager in solving conflicting situations.
15
1. Conduct interviews with a subset of involved key people: What are the tensions that they
experience between the home organization and the arena?
What are the specific dilemmas involved in managing these tensions?
Trust
Loyalty
Knowledge Generation
Career
4. Identify and emphasize critical manifestations of legitimacy in the open innovation collaboration
3. Characterize the type of higher level solutions needed re-solve the dilemmas in the open innovation collaboration
Diagnosis Open collective innovation is paradoxical to participants. They need to optimize both for the collective and for the home organization. The result is a number of tension/dilemmas that must be resolved in order for the open innovation collaboration to be perceived as a legitimate place to share knowledge and generate ideas.
How can we create a legitimate place for
open innovation?
Career
Home organization
viewpoint
Collective effort
viewpoint
Higher level solution Example
2. Define Who are the key people that must be involved in dialogues to solve the tensions? What rules need to be established to enable an open and honest conversation?
Arrange dialogue Resolve dilemmas
Workshop – Creating Legitimacy in Open Innovation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 16
OI Arena
Analyze
Solutions The dilemmas are partly solved by creating legitimacy on the project level, but also on a higher level, where management plays an important role
Risks If the process of creating legitimacy is not open, you end up in a game like situation where no joint development actually takes place.
Higher level solutions to be developed in open dialogues
between stakeholders
Knowledge generation
Career
Trust
Loyalty
Manifest Solution
SAFER legiti-macy
Offices
Logo
Academic papers
Shared Experi-ences
Office key
Con-tracts
Business cards
Relationships with
others
Conclusion
… in which “visualizing the invisible” (the unknown) is critical
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 17
An (emerging) model of the management of collective innovation…
Discover interests, values, techniques, stakeholders…
Known interests, known competences, known
futures…
Incentives, knowledge and value sharing =
optimisation & planning
Shape the unknown, creative use of conflict,
networks expansion, legitimate cooperative
place
If the new changes the
game management limits the new to stabilize the
game
If the new changes the
game management broadens the
unknown!
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 18
Backup
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Ambidexterity is an established theme in management research
20
Theoretical Background
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both the left and the right hand
• In management research, ambidexterity is usually referring to organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business while at the same time preparing for a changing future:
• Relevant literature, examples:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The Ambidextrous Organization: Designing Dual Structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
EXPLORATION EXPLOITATION
PROTECTING REVEALING
Prior research indicates that successful collective innovators apply contradicting approaches simultaneously for managing their innovation activities
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 21
Motivation
Research Questions:
Successful collective innovators seem to reconcile contradicting management approaches (Simultaneous Solve), but…
1.Where and how are they doing this?
2.What are the key management areas for collective innovation initiatives?
3.How can we help collective innovators to visualize/manage these areas?
Management Dimension
Simultaneous Solve:
Ambidexterity
Examples:
SAFER Context
170 persons hold keys to SAFER office
• 50% from Chalmers, 50% from other partners
• ca 40 PhD students (40 % industrial)
• 45 full time in SAFER
VINNOVA
Swedish Road Administration
Region Västra Götaland
CHALMERS Gothenburg university SP VTI TÖI Viktoria institute Imego AB Sicomp AB
Autoliv Epsilon
Folksam Saab
SMW Scan. Auto. Suppl.
Scania Telia Sonera
Volvo CC Volvo Group
LSP
Crash Post-crash Pre-crash Traffic Safety Analysis
Focus areas Incidents and accidents
Driver state/action/reaction
Prediction for accident prevention
Methods for evaluation of safety systems
Electric Vehicles and Vehicle Combination
Human Models and Biomechanics
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Organizational ambidexterity is a renown theme in management science
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 23
Ambidexterity
• Ambidexterity is the state of being equally adept in the use of both left and right appendages (such as the hands)
• In Management, organizational ambidexterity is usually referring to organizations who manage to efficiently run their current business while at the same time preparing for a changing future
• Literature e.g.:
o Duncan, R. 1976. The ambidextrous Organization: Designing dual structures for Innovation
o March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning
o Tushman, M. L. and O’Reilly, C. A. 1996. Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change
o Raisch, S. and Birkinshaw, J. 2008. Organizational Ambidexterity: Balancing Exploitation and Exploration for Sustained Performance
In 2010, a group a researchers started collaborating on a joint research project funded by the Peter-Pribilla-Foundation
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 24
Research Setting
Each team is running their specific case study which is dedicated to the underlying research question
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 25
Research Question
Successful collective innovators seem to reconcile contradicting approaches for managing their innovation activities (“Simultaneous Solve”), but…
1. How are they doing this?
2. What are the “hidden/invisible” variables (from a leadership, governance, process, and IT tool perspective) enabling them to resolve the resulting dilemmas?
Management Dimension
Trade-off:
Management Dimension
Simultaneous Solve:
ambidextrous approach
We see leading companies apply ambidextrous approaches (Simultaneous Solve) with regards to innovation management
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 26
Simultaneous Solve - Examples
• Organizational ambidexterity: Procter & Gamble have decentralized their R&D unit closer towards the business units and simultaneously created central innovation „think-tanks“ for disruptive innovations
• Embedded Linux (OSS): Nokia and Philips in some cases have chosen Linux as operating system for their electronic devices. The developers engage with the Linux open source community and selectively share some of their own innovations while protecting (hiding) others
• Procter & Gamble as well as Siemens systematically identify Intellectual Property (patents) which they do not use for their own business and commercialize it via Licensing and Spin-outs
Source: Web research, press articles
Our case study: How does Siemens manage their Open Innovation initiatives? Do they apply the Simultaneous Solve?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 27
Case Study
• Founded 1857
• 400.000 employees
• 31.000 R&D people
• Annual R&D spend: ~4 bn. EUR, 56.000 active patents
• # 34 in Business Week’s list of most innovative companies worldwide (ahead of Dell, Vodafone, Nike)
How does Siemens manage collective/open innovation, and do they apply the Simultaneous Solve?
Siemens has a central Open Innovation unit which provides structures, processes and tools
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 28
Open Innovation at Siemens
*) Organization as of 04/2011
Industry Energy Healthcare
Corporate Functions (cross-sector)
*)
Corporate Technology (CTO)
Open Innovation
CTO OI
Siemens CTO OI
Open Innovation Activities Framework (by Siemens CTO OI)
“Service provider”
Our case study included interviews with the central OI unit as well as operating business units (which run OI initiatives)
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 29
Case Interviews CENTRAL UNIT CTO Open Innovation • Interview with head of Unit Dr.
Lackner • Interview with Open
Innovation Specialist
“There is hard work to be done in opening doors
while maintaining some control, (…)”
Dr. Lackner
OPERATING BUSINESS UNITS
Siemens Student Award Middle-East (Dubai),
2011
Smart Grid Contest, 2011 Sustainability Idea Contest (internal), 2010
Technology Accelerators; Out-licensing, spin-outs
Innovation Hubs Contest (internal),
2011
Our findings support first indications from prior literature that the simultaneous solve is applied in OI Management
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 30
Case Study Findings (1/2)
Organization
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGS SIMULTANEOUS
SOLVE 1)
The central open innovation unit develops structures and concepts, identifies technical solutions and solution providers, advertises the concepts across the business units, and supervises the open innovation initiatives.
By contrast, the individual initiatives are then run as projects by the respective (decentral) business units with guidance and sparring from the central unit.
Governance
• Open innovation initiatives are neither demanded top-down from the management, nor initiated autonomously by the internal or external communities. It is rather the middle management that decides that open innovation may help in their business context
• There are also no top-down targets set, neither for individual open innovation initiatives nor for the central open innovation unit
• The decision process of selecting the best ideas uses a combination of bottom-up and top-down mechanisms: Short-listing of ideas is done via the votes of the community and a jury of managers and experts perform the final selection
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
However this does not apply to all dimensions. Motivation of participants seems to be limited to intrinsic mechanisms
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 31
Case Study Findings (2/2)
IP Management
MGT. DIMENSION FINDINGS SIMULTANEOUS
SOLVE 1)
IP protection is a well established practice because IP has always been vital for Siemens business success in competitive markets
A dedicated subsidiary (Siemens Technology Accelerator) works with venture capitalists to establish new start-ups that make use of un-used IP by developing innovative business models
Motivation
• Siemens heavily relies on intrinsic motivation. Receiving attention and feedback in virtual discussions with other participants seems to provide a sufficient motivation for employees to contribute.
• For internal initiatives, the prospect of presenting own ideas in front of a management jury may motivate employees to invest significant efforts in open innovation activities
Innovation Strategy and
other dimensions
? • Innovation Strategy (exploration vs. exploitation) has not been discussed as
a management dimension, in the conducted case interviews
• Also, we could not yet identify additional management dimensions relevant for Open Innovation management
1) Harvey balls: Black ball = simultaneous solve identified. White ball = simultaneous solve not identified
How does the Simultaneous Solve impact performance? Can we measure the performance of Innovation Communities?
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 32
Performance of Innovation Communities
Performance KPIs
• Intensity of communication
• Number of idea & proposals
• Selected ideas / solutions
• Business benefit
• ...
Measurement (KPIs)
Attributes of participants
• Specific role-profiles of participants
• Technical / educational background of participants
• Time participants spend in the network
• Geographical proximity
• Belonging to the same business unit / area
• ...
Communication Infrastructure Performance Evaluation 1. Nodes = Participants
2. Arcs = Collaboration
3. Centricity = Performance
4. Colours = Attributes
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 33
Collaboration (Meetings, Topics)
Individual Case Studies
Kick-off
Nuremberg 15 Dec 2010
Gothenburg 22 Mar 2011
Paris 30 Jun 2011
Paris 15 Sep 2011
Munich 24 Oct 2011
Final
presentation
Team Workshops
1. Four reference cases: identify critical dilemmas, techniques to solve them, efficiency of these techniques
2. Visualization Management Techniques of the OI manager (building the OI square):
a) Visualize the unknown
b) Visualize interdependencies
c) Visualize communication networks
d) Visualize an identity
3. A workable format to help OI managers: “how do you design your own OI leader”
a) Interactive, based on experiences
b) Cumulative
c) Self evaluation: what kind of dilemma do you solve.
1 1
1
2
2
3
Case studies Case studies
Case studies
Visualization
Visualization
OI Manager
Appendix
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation
Resolving dilemmas in collective innovation The I-Care case
28 th June 2011
Paris, Pribilla group
Marine AGOGUE CGS, MINES ParisTech F-75 272 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 40 51 9201
Mail: [email protected],
A C-K referential helps to diagnose the gap between reality and expectations, and provides a way to objectify the distance between attainable exploitation and expected exploration
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
C-K referential on ICT for autonomy in Rhône-Alpes region
Diagnosing exploration / exploitation dilemmas
attainable exploitations
expected explorations
Data : workshop analysis, interviews of firms, questionnaire (22 responses) Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 36
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
Using the C-K referential : cases of ST-Microelectronics and of I-Care
1 – Define new projects for established firms 2 – Build new partnerships 3 - Expand the scope of action for institutions who want to act as an open innovation facilitator 4 - Foster new ways to interact (seminars)
Visualizing the unknown to overcome dilemmas
1 Mobilizing existing knowledge in a different concept is attainable for
established firms
Generated actions of C-K referential
2 Identifying complementary
actors who have the knowledge and/or skills that are currently
lacking 3 & 4
Identifying missing knowledge, and interesting concepts to develop +
Launching collaborative workshops with relevant actors to fill the knowledge gapsand to explore interesting unexplored concepts
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 37
Marine Agogué – MINES ParisTech
C-K referential : A tool that requires to mobilize innovative design C-K theory and its formalisms *
How to build the C-K referential ? Toolkit for a OI leader
2
1
3 3
4
5 5 6
STEP 1 Gather classical knowledge (experts) & list all the current projects STEP 2 From this first knowledge basis, build the known paths of innovation STEP 3 Expand the knowledge basis, meet new experts and build a robust model of high-level of abstraction STEP 4 & 5 Expand the knowledge and concept spaces until no more expertise or project seems out of the scope STEP 6 Position projects on the innovation field mapping
An Open Innovation can then rely on such a tool for balancing between attainable exploitations and expected explorations
* Bibliography : Hatchuel, A. & Weil, B. (2009) C-K design theory: An advanced formulation. Research in Engineering Design 19, 181-192. 4. Hatchuel, A., Le Masson P., Weil,B. (2004). C-K theory in practice, lessons from industrial applications. Annual meeting of The Design Society, Dubrovnik.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 38
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation The case of open management of farming systems
Elsa Berthet
Blanche Segrestin
October 2011 – Mines Paristech
Diagnosis of dilemmas:
Initial
situation: no
common
ground Few relationships
between stakeholders
Farm
Coop
Research
Center
Local
Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Farm
Initial situation
Agrosystem
That produces food
for humans
That provides food of
good quality
Maximizing yields Preserving natural
equilibria
Only with
profitable crops
With areas of regulations
(grasslands)
Using chemicals,
fertilizers…
Using ecosystem
services
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 40
Identify alternative ways to deal with the
dilemmas
Functions having an
individual potential
value
Functions having a
collective potential
value
Design
parameters (DP)
activated at an
individual level
i.e. use fertilizers to
increase grassland yields
i.e. reduce the use of
herbicides to preserve
groundwater
DP activated at a
collective level
i.e. coordinate grassland
localization to reduce
individual costs for
farmers
i.e. coordinate
grassland localization to
maximize biological
control
(Knowledge)
A productive agrosystem that
preserves natural equilibria
Without
grassland
With
grasslands
Frequent
mowing
No mowing in
Summer
Reduced
herbic.
No use of
herbicides
Use of
herbicides Use of
herbic.
Without
localization of
grasslands
Without
localization
With
localization
No mowing
List of attributes from a productive
and from an ecological perspective:
Common/cleaving attributes
Potential values associated to
these attributes
(Concepts)
Visualize opportunities for open innovation
that overcome the initial dilemma
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 41
Ex.
2) Visualize interdependencies
Grassland
With fodder
production
Without fodder
production
Frequent
mowing
No mowing
in Summer
1) Visualize grassland design parameters
Use of
herbicides
No use
of herb.
Without
localization
With
localization
Reduced
herb. No use
of herb.
Use of
herb.
Without
localization
With
localization
Farm
Farm
Coop
Research
Center
Local
Auth.
NGO
Farm
Farm
Loss of
harvest,
Pests
Biological
control
Watero
rg.
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 42
Empty pattern
1° Diagnose the conflict: Specify the attributes (design
parameters, functions) of the conflicting object
2° Identify the potential values of cleaving attributes +
Find new attributes with potential values
3° Represent existing design paths, and propose
intermediary paths that create a common ground
between actors
4° Visualize interdependences between
actors created by the new solutions
proposed, and stimulate innovative
collaboration
DP1a DP3 DP2a
DP2b DP1b
Resolving Dilemmas in Collective Innovation 43
The visualization of the communication infrastructure and its performance is based on the (quantitative) origin and the (qualitative) rating of idea contributions
Analysis Framework
Platform
Origin Ideas Evaluation/Rating
Database
Quantitative Analyses
Qualitative Analyses
Idea contributors with differentiating attributes (e.g., geography, age, job title, sector, department etc.)
Heat maps visualize the distribution of ideas by selected user attributes; by combining heat maps, the tree map offers an integrated perspective on “hot spots”
Visualization: Heat & Tree Maps (Idea Quantity)
Number of Ideas by Age (Attribute 1)
low
medium
high
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
< 25 25 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 55 > 55
Number of Ideas by Region (Attribute 2)
Attribute 1
Attribute ...
Attribute n
600
280 120 140 60
400 200
300 100
Tree Map: Number of Ideas by Attributes
Max-Max
Min-Max
Max.
Max.
By comparing quantitative and qualitative “hot spots”, the collective innovation manager can identify “untapped” target groups and derive corrective actions
Evaluation: Idea Quantity vs. Quality
Quantity of Ideas (Count) Quality of Ideas (Rating)
Fewer ideas, but better
quality
Same structure
More ideas, but lower
quality Collective Innovation Manager: Pay special attention to “untapped” stars and take corrective actions
Stars „Untapped“
Stars