Rfid based attendance management system

RFID BASED ATTENDANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 0


CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 5

2. BACKGROUND................................................................................................. 9

2.1 WHAT IS RFID...................................................................................................... 92.2 BAR CODE ATTENDANCE SYSTEM:......................................................................102.3 BIO METRIC SYSTEM:..........................................................................................112.4 MAGNETIC STRIPE ATTENDANCE SYSTEM:..........................................................112.5 RFID ATTENDANCE SYSTEM:..............................................................................12

3. ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.............................................................................15

3.1 ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM...................................................................................153.2 USE CASE............................................................................................................ 17

3.2.1 Example Use Case: Obtaining Student Attendance Report..........................183.2.2 Admin Panel............................................................................................... 19

3.3 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODELING (ERM)..........................................................193.3.1 Entity type.................................................................................................. 203.3.2 ERD Development Process.........................................................................203.3.3 Relationship................................................................................................ 203.3.4 Key Attributes............................................................................................. 203.3.5 Key Definitions........................................................................................... 20

3.4 ERD: DATABASE OF RFID ATTENDANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM......................22

4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION.........................................................................23

4.1 SYSTEM USAGE................................................................................................... 234.2 SYSTEM INTERFACE............................................................................................24

4.2.1 Admin Panel Module..................................................................................244.2.2 Student Attendance Report Panel................................................................25

4.3 ATTENDANCE MONITORING (RECORDING) MODULE.............................................264.4 FACULTY............................................................................................................. 274.5 DEPARTMENT...................................................................................................... 284.6 PROGRAM............................................................................................................ 294.7 BATCH................................................................................................................ 304.8 PART REGISTRATION:.......................................................................................... 314.9 STUDENT REGISTRATION:....................................................................................324.10 STUDENT PART REGISTRATION............................................................................334.11 TEACHER............................................................................................................. 344.12 SEMESTER........................................................................................................... 354.13 STUDENT SEMESTER REGISTRATION....................................................................36


4.13.1 User Interfaces............................................................................................374.13.2 Hardware Requirements..............................................................................374.13.3 Software Requirements...............................................................................374.13.4 Communications Interfaces.........................................................................384.13.5 Installition Requirements............................................................................384.13.6 Product Functions.......................................................................................384.13.7 Constraint.................................................................................................... 384.13.8 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations..................................................38

5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK...............................................................40

5.1 FUTURE WORK.................................................................................................... 405.2 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................... 40

6. APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 42

6.1 Appendex A Refrences.......................................................................................42


1. INTRODUCTION

This research aims at developing an RFID-based student attendance management system for universities for recording and maintaining attendance of the students. The design and implementation of the proposed system includes an RFID-based hardware unit and the supporting infrastructure to record and maintain attendance of the system and to generate students’ attendance reports.

RFID (Radio frequency identification) consist of transponders such that they store the data within themselves and readers are mainly used to interrogate the data through wireless. Transponders (tags) are supposed to emit a coded identification number which is detected by the RFID reader at its wireless interface, the detected signal is forwarded to the system i-e “computer or an electronic circuit” for further processing.

The purpose and usage of RFID is to state the identification of person or item electronically by assigning an electronic number. The research field of RFID is expended such a way that these days the grocery items in super stores , the animals in the country side farm, the employs at a business firm are tagged to show the identification to the systems designed. i-e at super market the RFID transponders attached with items transmit the data such so that their number could be detected in the system, while selling the same tagged item the identification could be used for knowing the price of that specific item. The tagged animals at a country side farm would be safe and easy to trace their location for the farmer, either they are in the farm area or they are going missing. The employ at firm can show his presence at his working hours by the transponder attached in his employ card.

The goal of RFID is make sure that the item is what it claims to be. In this context the RFID readers authenticates the tags detected and differentiates between authorized and non-authorized tags for the system, generally the retrieval of data from an RFID tag does not provide much information to differentiate between the tagged items, it only provides a serial number to system. The real power of RFID comes in the combination with a backend that stores the additional information such that descriptions of items .the backend consists of database with a logically connected application interface which is able to add the information to database when it receives any new information and it can also check for the information stored earlier. Thus the application retrieves the data from backend and decides according to the logic defined.

The first RFID application was used by the British Army in Second World War for identification of their tanks and planes. Reading units could query whether to attack. Such technology successors are used all around the world in many armies up to now.

There are three types of RFID tags in respect to frequency:

Low frequency (LF,30-500kHz) High frequency(HF,10-15MHz) Ultra high frequency(UHF,850-950MHz,2.4-2.5GHz,5.8GHz)


We distinguish the RFID tags also in three types in relation to power and energy source:

Passive tags Semi-Passive tags Active tags

Passive tags operate on a field created by reader so that field is kept by reader until it interrogates the data from the tag. There is no internal power source included in passive tags, these tags are cheapest available in market however their reading range in very restricted which is up to 10m.if these tags are kept with care away from fire and water their life can be calculated as the longest among the RFID tags since because they does not use the internal power source.

Semi Passive tags have an internal battery source they keeps the microchip operational all the time, the advantage of such tags is they are faster to respond RFID requests. These tags operate up to range of 100m.the life time of these tags depends upon the battery, as the battery dies these tags become non-operational.

Active tags also contain an internal power source but they operate the internal microchip and an antenna which transmits the signals. The range of active tags varies between 10m to 1000m which they can be used in applications like location tracing and land marking the positions. These tags are costly as compared to Semi Passive tags and Passive tags because of their manufacturing expense.

In this study I have implemented RFID in attendance system to manage and mark the attendance by identifying the students and Faculty members. The RFID Attendance system consists of basically two modules.

Software (Backend) Hardware (RFID Readers/Tags)

A passive tag is implanted into the student/Faculty card. The Rfid reader used operates on 125 KH. The hardware is plug_and_play and it’s connected to computer via USB port. The reader can operate up to the range of 5cm.

The attendance marking through this system is done by bring the Student/Faculty card near the RFID reader, the software at the backend will identify and mark the attendance accordingly. If there is no record found in the system the input will be ignored.

The backend consists of Java interface which monitors any RFID input to the system connected to database. The database is developed in Microsoft Access 2007. There is an Admin panel for the Faculty members to manage the whole attendance system and a report display panel for Students to check their attendance reports in a particular subject by selecting.

Software( Backend ) Operational Requirements :


The Attendance System developed is Java based Desktop application; it would require windows with 32 bit MS Access driver and Java Compiler 1.6 or later version.

Hardware Operational Requirements :

The hardware required is a computer which could support windows or requirements given below:

CPU: 1.8 MHz Pentium series or Later

RAM: 512 Mb or greater

Hard Drive Space: 10 Mb for the application and greater for the saving the attendance record.

The RFID reader “CR10E” operates on 12Volts and it would require a USB port to Connect with computer.

Related Work:

In 1945, Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool (for spy activities) for the

Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio frequency

information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the

shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency even

though this device was covert listening device, not an identification device or tag, it is

considered to be a predecessor of radio frequency identification (RFID)

technology because it was likewise passive, being energized and activated by waves

from an outside source. Similar technologies such as the IFF (identification friend

and foe) transponder developed in the United Kingdom, was routinely used by the

allies in the World War 2 to identify aircrafts as friend or foe. Transponders are still

used by most powered aircrafts to this day.

Mario .W. Cordell was the first to have received the United States patent for an

active RFID tag with re-writable memory on January 23, 1973 .In that same

year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive

transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an embedded


transponder communicates a reader near a door, when the reader detects a valid

identification number stored within the tag, the reader unlocks the door.

Walton l i c e n se d t h e technology to Schrage lock of San Francisco, a lock maker

and other companies.

Time and attendance systems are a major part of today’s human resource systems,

take organization towards better human resource practice, systems and

excellence. The implementation o f time and attendance system has a lot of

advantages for the manager. The kind of system that is implemented depends upon

what the organization is trying to achieve by implementing the system. There

are different types of automatic attendance systems; each type of system is suited to

different needs and requirements. Some of the most common types include;

biometric attendance system, magnetic stripe attendance system, barcode attendance

system, and RFID attendance system.


2. BACKGROUND

2.1 What is RFID

RFID is short form for Radio Frequency Identification which is achieved by generally deploying hardware of two types.

The reader(The Transceiver) The Tag (Transponder)

These system works without physical contact and generally depending upon the frequency and type of hardware, it is detected. The data stored in the tag is interrogated and received as input by reader and in some cases it is possible to change the data in a tag. The Architecture of RFID system is shown below:

Figure No: 2.1 RIFD


In this figure as it could be seen that RFID input is forwarded to a computer which is connected to RFID reader , this is because the logic /backend is stored in a computer which then decides what is to be carried next. RFID Attendance system built in my study follows the same phenomena. In next chapter I will discuss the logic used to making a working attendance system but here I am going compare some attendance system built to fulfill the needs of attendance.

2.2 Bar Code Attendance System:

The Universal Product Code (UPC) is unique number assigned to items that identifies a product and vendor. The UPC for a typical product is same. The first six digits is vendor/Company identification and the next five digits identify the product and last one digit is set for check.

Each time that UPC is read by scanner, calculation is done is if the check digit is same as stored in computer, it authenticates the process. It limitations include special care need for the part of employ/Student card which contains UPC, it can be easily damaged by dust and water.

Barcode RFID

1 Making contact to the reader is necessary

, hence cannot be read from a distance

This does not r equ i r e contact with

reader, hence can be read from a

distance.

2 Only one card read at a time is allowed. Multiple read at a time is permitted

depending upon tags used.

3 Embedded information cannot be

updated, hence the restriction of the

repeated over- writing if the

embedded election information for

each card

Embedded information c a n be

updated; t h i s allows the repeated

over-writing if embedded electronic

information for each card.

4 It does not allow for the increase

technologies like surveillance cameras

to be activated with an employee being

in the vicinity.

RFID has increased

technologies like surveillance

cameras to be activated in conjunction

wi th an employee being in their

vicinity.


5 It i s s l o w e r and requires time of

s i g h t to function.

RFID is faster and does not require

l ine of sight, but it should in the range.

6 It has lower data storage transponder. It has higher data storage.

2.3 Bio metric System:

Bio metric system refers authentication by checking the physical characteristics that might include checking face, retina, hand geometry, voice etc. The computer checks the characteristics and identifies who you are; this system is coupled with the computer to check identification. This is how a Bio Metric attendance system is built, there are many new ways found for attendance marking as well. The Bio Metric system uses complex algorithms so that’s why it is thought to a difficult task while building a system.

2.4 Magnetic Stripe Attendance System:

In the Magnetic stripe Attendance system, data is stored in a magnetic stripe which is attached with employ/Student Card. This system requires swipe to mark the attendance and read one card at a time. These cards need special care against any magnetic field.

2.5 RFID Attendance System:

RFID Attendance system supports the conventional mental model to have an Employee/Student; the Transponder is embedded in the card. The attendance is marked via bringing the Employee/Student card in the detection area of RFID reader. The figure below shows RFID

Figure No: 2.5 RFID Attendence System


2.5.1.1 Operations:

RFID devices and software are supported by a sophisticated software architecture

that enables the collection and distribution of location based information in near

real time. A complete picture of the RFID attendance system combines the RFID

Tags and readers with access to global standardized database, ensuring real time

access to up-to-date information on the card. The card contains a unique

identification number called an electronic product code (EPC). The RFID tag

can be read from a distance and the embedded electronic information for each

card can be over written repeatedly. This increases technologies like surveillance

cameras to be activated in conjunction with an employee being in their vicinity. The

RFID attendance system is faster, and does not require line of sight. The RFID

system has higher data storage. In the RFID systems, the transponders are also

easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For e x am p l e i n 2009,

researchers successfully glued RFID micro transponder to live ants in order to

study their behavior. Furthermore, multiple RFID cards can be read all at the same

time. Information about the employees’ access and attendance can be stored on the

database.

2.5.1.2 RFID Frequency bandFrequency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between

the RFID system’s components. It can be assumed that higher frequency

resulting faster data transfer rate and longer reading distance. However as

frequency increases, the sensitivity to environmental factor also increases.

RFID system currently operates at Low Frequency, High Frequency and Ultra

High Frequency. Generally a lower frequency means a lower read range and

slower data read rate, but increased capabilities for reading near or on metal or

liquid surfaces.


The frequency chart is shown in table 2.

Table 2: RFID Frequency Table

Frequency

band

Description Operating

range

Application Benefits Drawbacks

125KHz

to

134KHz

Low frequency Less than

0.5m to

1.5ft

Access control, animal

tracking point of sale application, product authentication, vehicle immobilizer etc

Works well

around water and metal products

Short read

range and slower read rate

13.56Hz High frequency

Less than 1m to 3ft

Smartcards library books, airline baggage etc

Low cost of tag

High read rate when compared to low860MHz

To

930MHz

Ultra high frequency (UHF)

3m to

9ft

Parking lot access, electronic toll collection etc

EPC standard built around this frequency

Does not work well with high water or metal content

2.4GHz Microwave 1m to 3ft Airline baggage,

electronic toll collection

Most expensive Fastest read rate


3. ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

3.1 Architecture Diagram

Figure 3.1: Architecture Diagram

Description:

The design of the RFID attendance management system is made up of the following:

ⅰ. Enrolment module

ⅱ. Authentication Module

ⅲ. Database


3.2 Enrolment Module

The task of enrollment module is to enroll users and their RFID tag number into the system database. During enrolment, the RFID tag unique number is extracted from the tag and stored in a database as a template for the subject along with the user’s ID. Faculty member’s bio data to be captured includes: teacher id, name, father name, surname, Nic number, pay scale, phone number, and email. Student bio data includes: batch Id, name, father name, surname, gender, email id, and phone number.

When the RFID tag and the user name of a person to be enrolled are fed to the enrollment module, tag number is directly extracted and it’s stored to student bio data as password. The enrolment process is carried out by an administrator of the attendance management system. The enrolment and registration phase is an administrative phase. The user tag number as well as other bio-data is stored for the first time into the database for registration. The courses, batch and department are also registered at this phase. All data and information required for the proper recording of attendance are enrolled in this module.

3.3 Authentication Module

The task of the authentication module is to validate the identity of the person who intends to access the system. The person to be authenticated indicates his/her identity and places his/her RFID tag on the RFID reader. The RFID tag number is extracted. It is then fed to a matching algorithm, which matches it against the person’s data template stored in the system database to establish the identity.

3.4 The Database

The attendance management system database consists of tables that stores records, which corresponds faculty, department, teacher, program, batch, student registration, student part registration, student semester registration. Each record of student registration and teacher may contain RFID tag ID and user name of the person or other information such as pin no as an index to the template. The database design for the system implements relational data model which is a collections of tables in which data are stored. The database was implemented in Microsoft Access database (MS Access, 2007). MS Access is fast and easy, it can store record and requires little configuration.


3.5 Use Case

A use case specifies the behavior of a system or a part of a system, and is a description of

a set of sequences of actions, including variants, that a system performs to yield an

observable result of value to an actor.” i

“An actor is an idealization of an external person, process, or thing interacting with a

system, subsystem, or class. An actor characterizes the interactions that outside users may

have with the system.” ii

A use case is rendered as an ellipse in a use case diagram. A use case is always labeled

with its name.

Figure 3.5 Eclipse

An actor is rendered as a stick figure 2.1.1.2 in a use case diagram. Each actor

participates in one

Student or more use cases.

Figure 2.1.1.2 Actor


3.5.1.1 Example Use Case: Obtaining Student Attendance Report

Figure No: #.5.1 Obtaining Student Attandance Report

Name: Student Attendance Report

Description: the student views report of his attendance from attendance management

system

Actor: Student

Main scenario:

1. The student verifies his Id via RFID

2. Student checks the percentage of attendance


3.5.2 Admin Panel

Figure No: #.3.5.2 Admin Panel

Name: Admin Panel

Description: Admin logs in via RFID card

Actor: Admin

Main scenario:

1. The Admin manages the whole attendance system; i-e enrolls students,


3.6 Entity Relationship Modeling (ERM)

A technique used to analyze & model the data in organizations using an Entity

Relationship (E-R) diagram

3.6.1 Entity type

A class of entities with the same attributes

3.6.2 ERD Development Process

• Identify the entities

• Determine the attributes for each entity

• Select the primary key for each entity

• Establish the relationships between the entities

• Draw an entity model

• Test the relationships and the keys

3.6.3 Relationship

An association between two or more entities that is of particular interest

3.6.4 Key Attributes

• Certain attributes identify particular facts within an entity, these are known as KEY

attributes.

• The different types of KEY attribute are:

• Primary Key

• Composite Primary Key

• Foreign Key


3.6.5 Key Definitions

• Primary Key:

• One attributes whose value can uniquely identify a complete record (one row of data)

within an entity.

• Composite Primary Key

• A primary key that consists of two or more attribute within an entity.

• Foreign Key

• A copy of a primary key that exists in another entity for the purpose of forming a

relationship between the entities involved


3.7 ERD: Database of RFID Attendance Management System

Figure No: #.3.7 ERD


4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 System Usage

• The System can be implemented in University of Sindh for taking and managing the attendance.

• Likewise this System can be used and implemented in any University of Pakistan.

• Every Student of University and Faculty members will have RFID tags embedded in the cards for identification and attendance.

• If any tagged person (Faculty Member/Student) loses his/her RFID card, they can get a new card from university by paying a small fee of just PRs 50 to 100.


4.2 System Interface

4.2.1 Admin Panel Module

Figure No:4.2.1 Admin Panel Module

The Admin panel enables to do following actions as listed:

Add/Remove Faculty

Add/Remove Department

Add/Remove Program

Add/Remove Batch

Add/Remove Part

Add/Remove Student Registration

Add/Remove Student Part Registration

Add/Remove Course Scheme


Add/Remove Attendance Registration

Add/Remove Attendance Inquiry

4.2.2 Student Attendance Report Panel

Figure No 4.2.2 Student attandace report panel

Description:

Student Attendance Report panel will allow the students to check attendance by selecting the required course and semester.


4.3 Attendance monitoring (recording) module

Figure No 4. 3 Attandance montring module

Description:

The attendance monitoring system in programmatically defined thread will monitors the cursor inputs to the system. When an RFID signal is detected of RFID readers generates the input which is treated as a string in java. The input is compared with stored data in the database which determines the ID of person along with his/her information. The attendance is marked by checking the time from recorded in attendance register which is an admin privilege area.

i

ii


4.4 Faculty

Figure No 4.4 Faculty

Description: This Admin previliges allow the admin to add/remove faculty names.

i-e University of sindh has eight different faculties.


4.5 Department

Figure No 4.5 Department

Description:

In this portion admin can insert, delete or change the department title.

i-e University of sindh have 60 different departments.


4.6 Program

Figure No 4.6 Program

Description: Admin is enabled to insert , delete or change the programs title.

University of sindh have over eighty different degree programs.


4.7 Batch

Figure No:4.7 Batch

Description: This menu can insert the batch year, shift(i-e Morning/Evening) and group.

University of sindh has computerized it’s batches data from the year of 2004.

This portion allows administrator to insert, delete or change the batch year, shift and group.


4.8 Part Registration:

Figure No 4.8 Part Registration

Description:

Here Admin can insert, delete or change the part information.

Every batch have its own parts, batch part entry in necessory


4.9 Student Registration:

Figure No 4.9 Student Registration

Description:

Here Admin will enroll the student with their names along with their RFID number.

University of sindh have many batches each batch run separatly, student can be add batch wise.

This menu also allows database administrator to insert, delete or change the students.


4.10 Student Part Registration

Figure No 4.13 Student Part Registration

Description:Admin fatches the data from last part to update the record, as every year there is a new part for each of student.generally the students get promoted by one.

This menu also allows database administrator to insert, delete or change the student part.


4.11 Teacher

Figure No 4.11 Teacher

Description:

The admin inserts the teacher/faculty member biodata along with his RFID number.

This portion allows database administrator to insert, delete or change the faculty biodata and his RFID number/


4.12 Semester

Figure No 4.12 Semister

Description:

The Semester records can inserted via this menu.The admistrator has this previliage only.

University of sindh have two semester per year

This menu allows administrator to insert, delete or change the semester information.


4.13 Student Semester Registration

Figure No 4.13 Student Semister Registration

Description:

The records of students can be inserted,deleted and changed semester wise.

This menu allows administrator to insert, delete or change the students semester wise


DataBase :

MS Access, Operating System (any)

Back End:

Java, MS Access, Operating System (any)

4.13.1 User Interfaces

User (student/Admin) can access their modules by RFID ID.

4.13.2 Hardware Requirements

P-IV or latest Processor.

Minimum 1GB hard disk space.

512 MB of RAM or more.

Display capable of showing 16 bit colors or more.

USB port enabled machine.

4.13.3 Software Requirements

DBMS:

Name: MS Access

Version Number: 2007

IDE:

Name: NetBean

Version: 7.3.1

Source: https://netbeans.org/downloads/

Programming Language Compiler/Interpreter: Java

Name: JDK 1.7.0

Version: 1.7.0

https://netbeans.org/downloads/


Source: http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp

4.13.4 Communications Interfaces

Client (student)

4.13.5 Installition Requirements

1. Install Jdk 1.7

2. Install MS Access driver prefers be version of system developed.

4.13.6 Product Functions

This software will record the attendance of students and faculty members. It will generate

reports later whenever they are needed.

4.13.7 Constraint

GUI is only in English Language.

Without RFID card number present student will be considered as absent.

Only registered students are authorized to use the services.

This attendance management system is working for single system.

4.13.8 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

SQL Structured Query Language

JVM Java Virtual Machine

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

http://java.com/en/download/index.jsp



5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Future Work

Every good engineering design innovation has limitations. This passive RFID based lecture attendance monitoring system is not without limitation as a data collection technology with accurate and timely data entry. Hence, the limitation of this design would be improved upon in future by considering the following salient recommendations

By incorporating a facial recognition application that would serve to further increase the biometric security of the system against impersonation by erring students.

Usage of High Frequency (HF) active RFID tags against passive Low frequency (LF) RFID tags for better performance and flexibility of users.

The security of Students Buses (points) can be assured by deploying the Rfid readers connected to database of attendance System.

5.2 Conclusion

In this study, i have presented a RFID-based attendance management system. The developed system is desktop application built in java. The system extracts the local characteristic of RFID tag which an electronic code stored in the form of decimal numbers. The RFID Ids are matched during both registration and verification processes. For improved quality control during the registration or verification process, a matching number was used to determine the success of the operation. The matching number was specified so that only sets of minutiae data that match the number will be accepted and data other than that number will be rejected. Therefore, RFID tags detection using Minutia numbers Matching method was used for matching the minutia numbers before attendance is recorded.

The developed system is very helpful in saving valuable time of students and lecturers, paper and generating report at required time. The system can record the clock of students and workers in a very convenient manner using their RFID tag. Also, it reduces most of the administrative jobs and minimizes human errors, eliminates time-related disputes and helps to update and maintain attendance records.



6. APPENDICES

6.1 Appendex A Refrences

Attendance Technology on Campus Research and Application

by Li Jiang and Yan Li Ningbo DaHong YingUniversity

Ningbo, china.

RFID Based Attendance Management System by Shashank Shukla, Shailee Shah, Pooja Save Department of Information Technology, Thakur College of Engineering & Technology (TCET) MumbaiUniversity, India

Identification and Tracking of Individuals and Social Networks using the Electronic Product Code on RFID Tags by Markus Hansen, Sebastian Meissner Independent Centre for Privacy Protection Schleswig-Holstein.

Developing an automatic attendance register system for CPUT by Ivanilson Ganga Francisco, Boniface Kabaso, Fernando Neto

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Books :

Introduction to MS Access by CM Aslam and Safia Iftikhar

Book published by Majeed Sons Lahore.

Java Complete Reference Seventh Edition,by Herbert Schildt.

Web References:

http://stackoverflow.com/ for Java Programming examples help

http://www.javatpoint.com/ for Concepts and revising the logic

http://thenewboston.org/ for video lectures of Java Programming.

http://thenewboston.org/

http://www.javatpoint.com/

http://stackoverflow.com/

Education

Rfid based attendance management system