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RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Week 3 More roots, shoots and leaves.

RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

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Page 1: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

RHS Level 2 CertificateYear 1 Week 3

More roots, shoots and leaves.

Page 2: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Learning outcomes

1. Roots (2) 1.3.4 Describe how the root is adapted in order to perform specific functions. 1.3.5 Root fungi and bacteria- symbiosis 2. Stems – structure and purpose 2.1 Describe how the stem develops. 2.2 Describe different types of buds and state where they occur in the plant. 2.3 Identify the two elements of the vascular system and name their purposes 2.4 Describe how the stem is adapted in order to perform specific functions. 3. Leaves – structure and purpose 3.1 Describe the structure of the leaf. 3.2 Describe how leaf shape, size, form and colour can vary. 3.3 Describe how leaves are adapted in order to perform certain functions 4. Plant file – plant identification from week 2 and introduce 3 new plants.

Page 3: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Roots (2)

Symbiosis – what is it? How does it work? Mycorrhizal fungi – what are they? How are

they used in horticulture? Nitrogen fixing bacteria – what are they?

How do gardeners take advantage of them?

Page 4: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Stems – Structure and Purpose

What are stems for? What is the internal structure of the stem?

– Stem vascular system– Differences between stem and roots– Differences between monocot and dicot stems.

Page 5: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Buds – different types

Apical bud – at the tip of the shoot. What is apical dominance? How can this be manipulated by gardeners?

Axillary buds – at the joint between leaf and stem (at the node). Usually dormant or leaf producing.

Page 6: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Stem Adaptations

Water storage – e.g. Opuntia sp. Thorns for protection - Crataegeus

monogyna (Common Hawthorn) Dormancy – storing food to allow avoidance

of hostile conditions over winter or during summer drought e.g. Zingiber officinale (Ginger ) has a rhizome, Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum (potato) has stem tubers

Page 7: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Leaves –function and structure (1)

Function of leaves – photosynthesis External structure

– Petiole– Lamina– Midrib– Veins

Page 8: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Leaves –function and structure (2)

Internal structure

Cuticle Epidermis

Palisade cells Chloroplasts

Spongy mesophyll Stomata

Phloem Xylem

Page 9: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Leaf Adaptations

Tendrils – for climbing e.g. Lathyrus odoratus Leaf Hairs – for protection from the sun e.g.

Stachys byzantina Spines – for protection from grazing animals

e.g. Ilex aquifolia Food storage – for over-wintering, e.g.

Narcissus spp.

Page 10: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Leaf adaptations (2)

Leaf fall for deciduous trees – formation of abscission layer; recovery of chemical components of chlorophyll; leaf fall.

Page 11: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Leaf form and leaf arrangement (phyllotaxy)

Various different leaf forms – known by different descriptive names to enable clear identification

Phyllotaxy is the name for the arrangement of leaves on a plant. Prevents the leaves from shading each other.

Page 12: RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 1 Session 3

Learning outcomes

1. Roots (2) 1.3.4 Describe how the root is adapted in order to perform specific functions. 1.3.5 Root fungi and bacteria- symbiosis 2. Stems – structure and purpose 2.1 Describe how the stem develops. 2.2 Describe different types of buds and state where they occur in the plant. 2.3 Identify the two elements of the vascular system and name their purposes 2.4 Describe how the stem is adapted in order to perform specific functions. 3. Leaves – structure and purpose 3.1 Describe the structure of the leaf. 3.2 Describe how leaf shape, size, form and colour can vary. 3.3 Describe how leaves are adapted in order to perform certain functions 4. Plant file – plant identification from week 2 and introduce 3 new plants.