Roman civilisation

ROMAN CIVILISATIONPRESENTED BY :-

SAURABH MAURYA,131109030

LALIT KUMAWAT,131109031

RIKHI,131109033

VENODHA,131109036

ALOK TRIPATHI,131109037

SURAJ PATEL,131109039

JAYACHANDRA,131109040

ALOK SINGH,131109042

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology

STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION

• LOCATION

• IN THE BEGINNING

• FORMATION OF ROMAN REPUBLIC

• THE EMPIRE’S HIGH WATER MARK

• CITY AS INSTRUMENTS OF EMPIRE

• THE ROMAN URBAN SYSTEM AROUND 200 AD

• ROMAN CITIES AND TOWN

• PLAN OF THE ROME AND GRID IRON PLAN

• ROADS

• FORUMS

• CONCLUSIONMaulana Azad National Institute of Technology

ROMAN CIVILISATION

• Ancient Rome was an Italic civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome.

• It expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population) and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq. mi) during its height between the first and second centuries AD.


LOCATION

WORLD MAP

ROMAN CIVILISATION


• Ancient Rome begin as a group of villages along the Tiber River in what is now Italy.

• Around 750 B.C. these villages united to form the city of Rome.

In the Beginning…


• For more than 200 years, kings ruled Rome.

• In 509 B.C. Rome became a republic.

• The Roman Senate was an assembly of elected representatives. It was the single most powerful ruling body of the Roman Republic.

Formation of Roman Republic


The Empire’s high-water mark

Roman empire in 117 AD


Cities as instruments of empire

Rome expanded beyond Italian peninsula in 133BC

Romans played their enemies off each other, then planted colonial cities to administer conquered lands

The “castra” or army camp was walled and laid out in a grid → planned cities (< 5,000 pop.)

Empire’s maximum extent by 211AD, collapsed after 250AD


The Roman urban system around 200 AD


ROMAN CITIES

• The typical Roman city of the later Republic and empire had a rectangular plan and resembled a Roman military camp with two main streets—the cardo (north-south) and the decumanus (east-west)—a grid of smaller streets dividing the town into blocks, and a wall circuit with gates.

• Older cities, such as Rome itself, founded before the adoption of regularized city planning, could, however, consist of a maze of crooked streets. The focal point of the city was its forum, usually situated at the center of the city at the intersection of the cardo and the decumanus.


ROADS:CARDO AND DECUMANUS


In Ancient Roman towns and cities streets were narrow and space was limited so houses were usually small.

They tried to make a limit to how high a building could be, and how much space there was between buildings. Roofs had to be flat and go between buildings to help when fire fighting.

Background Information Roman Towns


Towns in Rome were made up of streets and blocks - called insulae - which contained houses, shops, workshops and bars.

Bath houses were another type of building important to the life of town dwellers.

Roman Towns


Most Roman towns were smaller than modern cities, with populations ranging between a few thousand people to perhaps 30,000. Only great trading cities and capitals of the Empire were bigger than this. Rome was home to a million or more.

Roman Towns


At the centre of the town there was usually a forum, or market place, where people went to conduct business and gossip. Next to the forum was the basilica or town hall, dedicated to the old Roman Gods. Other temples around the town were dedicated to a variety of Gods.

Roman Towns


By the time of Augustus, Rome had grown from a tiny settlement on the Tiber River to a metropolis at the center of an expanding empire. Under the republic Rome became the political capital of the Mediterranean and a symbol of Roman power and wealth.

Plan of the City of Rome


Grid (or gridiron) plan

Easy to lay out

Easy to administer

Breezes could flow through for natural ventilation

Easy to defend if walled


Pompeii shows that this was an ideal, not a rule

Source: http://www.pompeii.co.uk/cd/map.htm


Roads



STREET PATTERNThe interior of the town was divided by streets into a chess-board pattern of small square house-blocks; from north to south

there were twelve such blocks and from east to west eleven—not twelve, as is often stated.



All Roads Lead to Rome


An expanding network of roads helped to link Rome's distant territories. One of the most important paved military roads was the Appian Way, commissioned by the Roman official Appius Claudius Caecus. It became the major route from Rome to Greece.

Appian Way


Typical Roman street, Pompeii

The need to movelegions and tradegoods in all weatherled to the developmentof the best roads in theworld (to the 19th

century).Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology

• In the 8th century B.C.,the inhabitants of somesmall Latin settlementson hills in the TIBERVALLEY united andestablished a commonmeeting place, theFORUM, around whichthe city of Rome grew.


• The forum, an open area bordered by colonnades with shops, functioned as the chief meeting place of the town. It was also the site of the city's primary religious and civic buildings, among them the Senate house, records office, and basilica.

Forums


The Forum

Bordered by everything important: temples, offices, jails, butcher shops

Public processions and ceremonies took place there

For a mainly pedestrian population, the surrounding colonnade was a very important urban design feature


Roman Forum (artist’s conception)

Source: A.E.J. Morris, History of Urban Form


The Forum was their version of

the agora

(this one is in Pompeii, a city preserved in volcanic ash of Mt.

Vesuvius from the 1st

century BC)


Main forum in Rome

temples

public recordssenate

chambers

law courtsMaulana Azad National Institute of Technology

Public baths,Pompeii

Romans took public bathing to an

extreme: hot, cold, and lukewarm pools,

places to get a massage or work out, even reading rooms


The Romans were very practical but they also carried remnants of an older, mystical view of the city Augury (an animal was cut open in order to

examine its entrails for signs that it was a good or bad place for a city)

At founding of a city, a priest would plow the outline of the city to ritually mark it off from the surrounding wilderness

The city was divided into quarters by the creation of two perpendicular streets: the Cardo and the Decumanus

CONCLUSION


REFERENCES

• GOOGLE IMAGES

• www.utexas.edu.com

• www.crystalinks.com

• THE URBAN PATTERN: ARTHUR GALLION & SIMON EISNER


http://www.utexas.edu.com/

http://www.crystalinks.com/


Education

Roman civilisation