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This presentation was produced by the History department of Temasek Secondary School. Redistribution or reproduction of this resource is prohibited by copyright regulations.
How did WWII affect Singapore?
Chapter 6
‘The darkest period of Singapore history…’
In this chapter, you will learn about:
The fall of Singapore
The Japanese Occupation of Singapore
Immediate Post-War Problems
The Fall of Singapore, 15th February 1942
Click on the picture below to view a short video on the fall of Singapore:
British Efforts to Defend Singapore
After WWI, Britain was _______________________ and could not maintain a strong naval presence in the Far East.
However, Britain realised that there was a need to defend its empire in the Far East as Japan was building a powerful navy.
Thus, it took several steps to defend Singapore.
‘Main Fleet to
Singapore’ strategy
Building of guns,
airfields and
bunkers
Sending in more troops
Sending in the
battleships
British Efforts to Defend Singapore
• Britain would send ships from ______________ if there was trouble in Asia
• To maintain the ships, a huge naval base was built in Singapore in 1938
‘Main Fleet to Singapore’ Strategy
Why do you think Singapore was chosen to be the location for the naval base?
British Efforts to Defend Singapore
• To defend the naval base• 15-inch guns facing the sea were
installed• Military ______________ built in
Tengah and Sembawang• Underground ______________
built in places such as Fort Canning, Labrador and Sembawang
Building of guns, airfields and
bunkers
Why did the British choose to have the guns facing the sea?
British Efforts to Defend Singapore
• In response to the Japanese invasion of ______________ in 1937 and the Japanese treaty of friendship with Germany and Italy in 1939
• More Indian, British and Australian troops were sent to Singapore in 1941
Sending in more troops
After the signing of the treaty of friendship in 1939, what were Germany, Italy and Japan known as?
Why did Japan set its sights on China and Southeast Asia?
British Efforts to Defend Singapore
• The battleships HMS ______________ and HMS ______________ arrived in Singapore in 2 December1941
• Britain could not send in more naval and air reinforcements due to its involvement in the war in Europe and North Africa
• Both battleships were sunk by the Japanese on 10 December 1941
Sending in the battleships
British Failure to Stop the Japanese
“Singapore, mighty fortress
Guardian of the East
The Japanese didn’t think so
They took it in a week”- A British Soldier
- Singapore was regarded as an “impregnable fortress”. Yet, it fell to the Japanese within a week.
British Failure to Stop the Japanese
Japanese Intelligence Services
British Underestimation of the Japanese
Fatigue and Insufficient Resources
1. Japanese Intelligence Services
“The Japanese owned lands in Johor and Singapore and observed the construction of the Singapore Naval Base and coastal defences.
The Japanese fishing fleet, which accounted for nearly half of the fish supplied to Singapore, conducted surveys of the Malayan
coastal areas. Japanese photographers, who operated studios in many Malayan towns, took pictures of roads, railways and military
installations. Some Japanese military officers operated incognito, for example, an army colonel worked for six years as a waiter in the
British Officers’ Club.”
How did this help the Japanese during their invasion of Singapore?
2. British Underestimation of the Japanese
Believed that the Japanese, army, airforce and navy were inferior
However, Imperial Japanese Army had a
large modern airforce and naval fleet
The Japanese ‘Zero’ fighter planes destroyed many British planes, which were old and outdated
Japanese soldiers were better trained in _________________________: they used tanks as well as bicycles
What was one possible reason for British
underestimation of the Japanese?
3. Fatigue and Insufficient Resources
Fear that there would be a high number of casualties if _____________________ occurred
Supplies of food and water were running low
Men were tired and demoralised
The Battle of Malaya
As you watch this video, take note of the factors that assisted the Japanese in the Battle of Malaya.
Read your textbook pg 103 for more information.
The Battle of Malaya, 8 Dec 1941 to 31 January 1942
Factors that assisted the Japanese:
Japanese soldiers were well-trained in ________________
____________
Strong leadership of General
______________
British assumption that any attack
would be from the ______________
British troops were not trained in jungle warfare
Sinking of the battleships gave Japanese naval
supremacy
All British aircrafts had been destroyed or had withdrawn to
Singapore: Japanese had air supremacy.
Japanese were able to disrupt
British ______________
Japanese use of tanks and bicycles
The Fall of Singapore
Read your textbook pg 104 and identify the key factors that led to the fall of Singapore.
Smart and strategic leadership of
General Yamashita
British defences were moved from
northwest to northeast
Miscommunication within the British
troops
British failure to defend supplies
Demoralised and exhausted British
troops
British fear of losing more men if there was street
fighting
The Fall of Singapore
Lieutenant-General ______________ signed the surrender agreement with General Tomoyuki Yamashita at 6:10pm on 15 February 1942.
Read the three sources on pg 107 and 108 of your textbook. How
do you think the people of Singapore reacted to the British
surrender?
The Japanese Occupation
Singapore was renamed ______________, which meant ‘the Light of the South’ or ‘the Radiant South’.
The Japanese Occupation changed the lives of the people in Singapore in several ways.
Prisoners of War
(POWs)
Cruel and harsh
treatmentPropaganda
Food shortage
Anti-Japanese
groups
Prisoners of War (POWs)
The Japanese interned the British, Australians and Allied Europeans in Singapore, including women and children
“One who has been captured in battle should be beheaded or castrated
at the Emperor’s will.”
– Japanese quote
Based on this quote, how do you think the Japanese
treated the POWs?
Prisoners of War (POWs)
Before imprisoning the POWs, the Japanese
would make them march publicly in front of the
local population. Why do you think they did this?
Cruel and Harsh Treatment
The Japanese military police were known as ______________. They kept the local population in a constant state of anxiety and fear.
Even the slightest offence was met with harsh punishment.
Many anti-Japanese suspects were subjected to terrible torture and decapitation at the Kempeitai centre.
Cruel and Harsh Treatment
Many of the Eurasians were imprisoned or put to death. Some had been members of the
____________________________ and had fought against the Japanese.
The Malays and Indians were not regarded as a threat to Japanese rule. Tried to convince the Malays that Japan would free them
from British rule Tried to convince the Indians that Japan would free India
from the British Anyone who disobeyed or displeased the Japanese would
still be punished
Cruel and Harsh Treatment
Many Chinese became victims of the Japanese. The Japanese saw the Chinese as a threat to their rule. During Japanese invasion of China in 1937, they met with
strong Chinese resistance, including those from outside China. Thus, they wanted to take revenge.
____________________________was a Kempeitai operation aimed at identifying and eliminating suspected anti-Japanese elements in the Chinese Community. Read more about this infamous operation on pg112 of your textbook.
In what ways did the Chinese in Singapore help China during the Japanese invasion in 1937?
Propaganda
Refers to actions taken, especially by a government, to influence the way people think by spreading ideas, beliefs and new which are often inaccurate or biased.
The Japanese used propaganda to influence the people in Singapore to be loyal to Japan.
Read your textbook pg 113-114. In what ways did Japanese use propaganda?
Food Shortage
Singapore’s entrepot trade was disrupted and all available resources were used to support Japan’s war effort.
Food shortage, inflation, malnutrition and diseases
What does the picture on the right depict?
What does inflation mean?
Anti-Japanese Grous
The people of Singapore resented Japanese rule.
Many anti-Japanese groups were formed. Launched attacks on the Japanese in the Malayan jungle Gathered information on the Japanese and sent it to the
British to organise ______________ activities Went for training overseas to prepare to fight against the
Japanese
Can you name some of the anti-Japanese groups?
The Japanese Surrender
On 6 and 9 August 1945, American planes dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of ______________ and ______________.
The Japanese surrendered shortly after.
The British returned to Singapore on 5 September 1945.
The Japanese Surrender
On ____________________________, Japanese military leaders signed the surrender document in the Municipal Building (now known as City Hall).
Huge crowds gathered to cheer the return of the British.
A short video clip on
the raising of the
British flag at the
Padang after the
Japanese surrender.
After the British return
A provisional government called the ______________ ______________ ______________ (BMA) took charge of governing Singapore until 1 April 1946.
It faced many immediate post-war problems.
Shortage of water
Disrupted electricity
and telephone services
Shortage of food
Lack of housing
Addressing the Immediate Post-War Problems
• Japanese__________ were made to repair the water mains
Shortage of water
• Japanese POWs were made to restore electricity, gas and other essential services, such as lighting and telephone
Disrupted electricity
and telephone services
Addressing the Immediate Post-War Problems
• Cleared the harbour, repaired the docks and built new warehouses so that ships could enter the port to transport and store foodstuffs
• Rationed food given to each person• Opened
____________________________ to sell food at reasonable prices
• Re-established trade links between Singapore and other countries
Shortage of food
• Introduced a law on ______________so landlords could not raise rents and force tenants out
• Constructed ______________ to alleviate housing shortage
Lack of housing
Recap Questions
What were the efforts made by the British to defend Singapore?
Why did the British fail to stop the Japanese? What were the factors that helped the Japanese in the
battle for Malaya and Singapore? How did the people in Singapore react to the British
surrender? What was life in Singapore like during the Japanese
Occupation? Why did the Japanese surrender in 1945? What were the immediate post-war problems and how
did the British address them?