Semantic Web Landscape 2009

The 2009 Semantic Web LandscapeTechnologies, tools, and projects

Lee FeigenbaumVP Technology & Standards, Cambridge Semantics

Co-chair, W3C SPARQL Working Group

For PRISM Forum SIG on Semantic WebMay 12, 2009

Much material & wisdom used with gracious permission of:Ivan Herman

W3C Semantic Web Activity LeadBijan Parsia

Co-editor of the core OWL 2 specificationIan Horrocks

Co-chair of the W3C OWL 2 Working GroupPhil Archer

Chair of the W3C POWDER Working Group

Thanks Upfront

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Much material & wisdom used with gracious permission of:Michael Hausenblas

Evangelist for RDFa, Linked Data, and Multimedia SemanticsFabien Gandon

Member, GRDDL and OWL 2 Working GroupsSusie Stephens

Co-chair W3C HCLS Interest GroupEric Prud’hommeaux

W3C team member, Semantic Web expert

Thanks Upfront

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Executive Summary: The Semantic Web in 2009

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The Semantic Web in 2009 is characterized by a healthy environment of stable, broadly-implemented core standard

technologies complemented by a number of continually emerging new standards.

Adopters of Semantic Web technologies in 2009 can choose from a wide range of commercial and open-source interoperable tools

and systems.

Enterprise Semantic Web projects are beginning to move beyond proofs of concept to serious production implementations.

Community projects on the World Wide Web have linked hundreds of public data sets into an emergent Semantic Web.

IntroductionThe data model (RDF)The query language (SPARQL)Adding structure & semantics (RDFS, OWL, RIF)Working in the real world (GRDDL, RDF2RDB)Working on the Web (Linked Data, RDFa, POWDER)

Agenda

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The W3C HCLS interest group set out to use Semantic Web technologies to receive precise answers to a complex question:

A Motivating Example: Drug Discovery

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Find me genes involved in signal transduction that are related to pyramidal neurons.

General search

223,000 hits, 0 results

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Domain-limited search

2,580 potential results

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Specific databases

Too many silos!

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A Semantic Web Approach

Integrate disparate databases…

MeSHPubMedEntrez GeneGene Ontology…

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A Semantic Web Approach (cont’d)

…so that one query…

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…(trivially) spans several databases…

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…to deliver targeted results…

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1. Agreement on common terms and relationships

2. Incremental, flexible data structure3. Good-enough modeling4. Query interface tailored to the data

model

What’s the trick?

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Names

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Semantic WebWeb of DataGiant Global GraphData WebWeb 3.0Linked Data WebSemantic Data Web

Branding

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“The Semantic Web”Augments the World Wide WebRepresents the Web’s information in a machine-readable fashionEnables…

…targeted search…data browsing…automated agents

What is it & why do we care? (1)

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World Wide Web : Web pages :: The Semantic Web : Data

“Semantic Web technologies”A family of technology standards that ‘play nice together’, including:

Flexible data modelExpressive ontology languageDistributed query language

Drive Web sites, enterprise applications

What is it & why do we care? (2)

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The technologies enable us to build applications and solutions that were not possible, practical, or feasible traditionally.

A common set of technologies:...enables diverse uses...encourages interoperability

A coherent set of technologies:…encourage incremental application…provide a substantial base for innovation

A standard set of technologies:...reduces proprietary vendor lock-in...encourages many choices for tool sets

A Common & Coherent Set of Technology Standards

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The (In)Famous Layer Cake

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Semantic Web Technology Timeline

1999 2001 2004 2008 20092007

RIF

HCLS

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As technologies & tools have evolved, Semantic Web advocates have progressed through stages:

2009: Where we are

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Report on… Execute on…

Semantic Web vision Initial experiments

Experiments Technology standards

Technology standards Software packages

Software packages Proofs of concept

Proofs of concept Production implementations

2009: Where we are (cont’d)

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http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/

2009: Where we’re not

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Semantic Web technologies are not a ‘magic crank’ for discovering new drugs (or solving other problems, for that matter)!

Image from Trey Ideker via Enoch Huang

2009: Where we’re not (cont’d)

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The Semantic Web still suffers from confusing and conflicting messaging, each of which asserts it’s “correct”.

XML vs. RDF?“Ontology” vs. “ontology”?

Semantic Web vs. Linked Data?

Data integration vs. reasoning vs. KBs vs. search vs. app. development vs. …


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People with appropriate skill sets for designing & building Semantic Web solutions are not widely available.


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We don’t yet have standard solutions for privacy, trust, probability, and other elements of the Semantic Web vision.

Introduction to the Semantic Web approach

Thanks to Ivan Herman for this example

How does a Semantic Web approach help us merge data sets, infer new relations, and integrate

outside data sources?

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1. Map the various data onto an abstract data representation

• Make the data independent of its internal representation…

2. Merge the resulting representations3. Start making queries on the whole

• Queries not possible on the individual data sets

The rough structure of data integration

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Data set “A”: A simplified book store

ID Author Title Publisher Year

ISBN0-00-651409-X id_xyz The Glass Palace id_qpr 2000

ID Name Home page

id_xyz Ghosh, Amitav http://www.amitavghosh.com

ID Publisher Name City

id_qpr Harper Collins London

Books

Authors

Publishers

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1st: Export your data as a set of relations

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Data export does not necessarily mean physical conversion of the data

Relations can be virtual, generated on-the-fly at query time

via SQL “bridges” scraping HTML pages extracting data from Excel sheets etc.

One can export part of the data

Some notes on the data export

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A B D E

1 ID Titre Original

2

ISBN0 2020386682 A13 ISBN-0-00-651409-X

3

6 ID Auteur7 ISBN-0-00-651409-X A12

11

12

13

TraducteurLe Palais des miroirs

NomGhosh, AmitavBesse, Christianne

Data set “F”: Another book store’s data

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2nd: Export your second set of data

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3rd: start merging your data

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3rd: start merging your data (cont’d)

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4th: Merge identical resources

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User of data set “F” can now ask queries like:“What is the title of the original version of Le Palais des miroirs?”

This information is not in the data set “F”...…but can be retrieved after merging with data set “A”!

Start making queries…

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5th: Query the merged data set

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We “know” that a:author and f:auteur are really the sameBut our automatic merge does not know that!Let us add some extra information to the merged data:

a:author is the same as f:auteurBoth identify a Person, a category (type) for certain resources

However, more can be achieved…

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3rd revisited: Use the extra knowledge

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User of data set “F” can now query:“What is the home page of Le Palais des miroirs’s ‘auteur’?”

The information is not in data set “F” or “A”……but was made available by:

Merging data sets “A” and “F”Adding three simple “glue” statements

Start making richer queries!

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6th: Richer queries

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We can integrate new information into our merged data set from other sources

e.g. additional information about author Amitav Ghosh

Perhaps the largest public source of general knowledge is Wikipedia

Structured data can be extracted from Wikipedia using dedicated tools

Bring in other data sources

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7th: Merge with Wikipedia data

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7th (cont’d): Merge with Wikipedia data

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7th (cont’d): Merge with Wikipedia data

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It may look like it but, in fact, it should not be…What happened via automatic means is done every day by Web users!The difference: a bit of extra rigour so that machines could do this, too

Is that surprising?

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We combined different data sets that...may be internal or somewhere on the Web...are of different formats (RDBMS, Excel spreadsheet, (X)HTML, etc)...have different names for the same relations

We could combine the data because some URIs were identical

i.e. the ISBNs in this caseWe could add some simple additional information (the “glue”) to help further merge data setsThe result? Answer queries that could not previously be asked

What did we do?

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What did we do? (cont’d)

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…the graph representation is independent of the details of the native structures…a change in local database schemas, HTML structures, etc. do not affect the whole

“schema independence”…new data, new connections can be added seamlessly & incrementally

The abstraction pays off because…

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The rest of this tutorial introduces many of these technologies.

So where is the Semantic Web?

Semantic Web technologies make such integration possible

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Agenda

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RDF is…

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Resource Description Framework

RDF is…

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The data model of the Semantic Web.

RDF is…

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A schema-less data model that features unambiguous identifiers and named relations

between pairs of resources.

RDF graphs are collections of triplesTriples are made up of a subject, a predicate, and an object

Resources and relationships are named with URIs

RDF is…

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A labeled, directed graph of relations between resources and literal values.

subject objectpredicate

“Lee Feigenbaum works for Cambridge Semantics”

“Lee Feigenbaum was born in 1978”

“Cambridge Semantics is headquartered in Massachusetts”

Example RDF triples

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Lee Feigenbaum

Cambridge Semantics

works for

Lee Feigenbaum 1978

born in

Cambridge Semantics

headquarteredMassachusetts

Triples connect to form graphs

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Lee Feigenbaum

Cambridge Semantics

works for

1978

born inheadquartered

Massachusetts

Boston

lives in

capital

The graph data structure makes merging data with shared identifiers trivial (as we saw earlier)Triples act as a least common denominator for expressing dataURIs for naming remove ambiguity

…the same identifier means the same thing

Why RDF? What’s different here?

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Why RDF? Incremental Integration

Flexible Graph Model

URIs for

naming

Agile, Incremental

Integration

RelationalDatabase RDF

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Triple storesBuilt on relational databaseNative RDF store

Development librariesFull-featured application servers

Types of RDF Tools

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Most RDF tools contain some elements of each of these.

Community-maintained listshttp://esw.w3.org/topic/SemanticWebTools

Emphasis on large triple storeshttp://esw.w3.org/topic/LargeTripleStores

Michael Bergman’s Sweet Tools searchable list:http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325

Finding RDF Tools

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http://esw.w3.org/topic/SemanticWebTools

http://esw.w3.org/topic/LargeTripleStores

http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325

RDF Tools – (Some) Triple Stores

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Tool Commercial orOpen-source Environment

Anzo Both Java

ARC Open-source PHP

AllegroGraph Commercial Java, Prolog

Jena Open-source Java

Mulgara Open-source Java

Oracle RDF Commercial SQL / SPARQL

RDF::Query Open-source Perl

Redland Open-source C, many wrappers

Sesame Open-source Java

Talis Platform Commercial HTTP (Hosted) Virtuoso Both C++


Agenda

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Motivating SPARQL

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With a query language, a client can design their own interface.

--Leigh Dodds, Talis

SPARQL is…

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SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language

SPARQL is…

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The query language of the Semantic Web.

SPARQL is…

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A SQL-like language for querying sets of RDF graphs.

SPARQL is…

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A simple protocol for issuing queries and receiving results over HTTP. So…

Every SPARQL client works with every SPARQL server!

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SPARQL lets us:Pull information from structured and semi-structured data.Explore data by discovering unknown relationships.Query and search an integrated view of disparate data sources.Glue separate software applications together by transforming data from one vocabulary to another.

Why SPARQL?

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What automobiles get more than 25 miles per gallon, fit within my department’s budget, and can be purchased at a dealer located within 10 miles of one of my employees?

SELECT ?automobileWHERE { ?automobile a ex:Car ; epa:mpg ?mpg ; ex:dealer ?dealer . ?employee a ex:Employee ; geo:loc ?loc . ?dealer geo:loc ?dealerloc . FILTER(?mpg > 25 && geo:dist(?loc, ?dealerloc) <= 10) .}

Web dashboard SPARQL query

EmployeeDirectory

ERP / BudgetSystem

Web

Dealer 1Dealer 2

Dealer 3

EPA Fuel EfficiencySpreadsheet

SPARQL Query Engine

PREFIX type: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>PREFIX prop: <http://dbpedia.org/property/> SELECT ?country_name ?population WHERE { ?country a type:LandlockedCountries ; rdfs:label ?country_name ; prop:populationEstimate ?population . FILTER ( ?population > 15000000 && langMatches(lang(?country_name), "EN") ) . }ORDER BY DESC(?population)

SPARQL Example: Querying Wikipedia

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Find me all landlocked countries with a population greater than 15 million.


DBPedia SPARQL Endpoint

http://dbpedia.org/sparql

http://dbpedia.org/sparql


Query enginesThings that can run queriesMost RDF stores provide a SPARQL engine

Query rewritersE.g. to query relational databases (more later)

EndpointsThings that accept queries on the Web and return results

Client librariesThings that make it easy to ask queries

Types of SPARQL Tools

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Community-maintained list of query engineshttp://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlImplementations

Publicly accessible SPARQL endpointshttp://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlEndpoints

Michael Bergman’s Sweet Tools searchable list:http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325

Finding SPARQL Tools

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http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlImplementations

http://esw.w3.org/topic/SparqlEndpoints

http://www.mkbergman.com/?page_id=325

(Some) SPARQL’able Data Sets

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bio2rdf.org – querying life sciences data

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bio2rdf.org – querying life sciences data

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Agenda

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We haven’t seen anything yet that begins to approach the long-term Semantic Web vision

Where’s the magic?

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3 pieces of the Semantic Web technology stack are about describing a domain well enough to capture (some of) the meaning of resources and relationships in the domain

RDF SchemaOWLRIF

From the explicit to the inferred

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Apply knowledge to data to get more data.

RDFS is…

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RDF Schema

Elements of:Vocabulary (defining terms)

I define a relationship called “prescribed dose.”

Schema (defining types)“prescribed dose” relates “treatments” to “dosagees”

Taxonomy (defining hierarchies)Any “doctor” is a “medical professional”

RDF Schema is…

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WOL OWL is…

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Web Ontology Language

Elements of ontologySame/different identity

“author” and “auteur” are the same relationtwo resources with the same “ISBN” are the same “book”

More expressive type definitionsA “cycle” is a “vehicle” with at least one “wheel”A “bicycle” is a “cycle” with exactly two “wheels”

More expressive relation definitions“sibling” is a symmetric predicatethe value of the “favorite dwarf” relation must be one of “happy”, “sleepy”, “sneezy”, “grumpy”, “dopey”, “bashful”, “doc”

OWL is…

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Answer questions ofConsistency

Are there any contradictions in this model?

ClassificationWhat are all the inferred types of this resource?

SatisfiabilityAre there any classes in this ontology that cannot possibly have any members?

What can we do with OWL?

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Building Useful OntologiesDeveloping and maintaining quality ontolgies is very challengingUsers need tools and services, e.g., to help check if ontology is:

Meaningful — all named classes can have instances

http://www.aber.ac.uk/compsci/public/media/presentations/OUCL-seminar.ppt


Meaningful — all named classes can have instancesCorrect — captures intuitions of domain experts


Meaningful — all named classes can have instancesCorrect — captures intuitions of domain expertsMinimally redundant — no unintended synonyms

Banana split Banana sundae

Large: 373,731 concepts & over 1 million termsNHS version extended to 542,380 classes with

19,828 additional named classes148,821 class drug taxonomy (primitive hierarchy)

OWL reasoner (FaCT++) classified NHS ontology Able to classify whole ontology in <4 hoursInteresting results come from 19,828 additional named classes180 missing subClass relationships were found, e.g.:

Periocular_dermatitis subClassOf Disease_of_face

Example: SNOMED

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Example: SNOMED

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RIF is…

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Rules Interchange Format

Standard representation for exchanging sets of logical and business rulesLogical rules

A buyer buys an item from a seller if the seller sells the item to the buyerA customer becomes a "Gold" customer as soon as his cumulative purchases during the current year top $5000

Production rulesCustomers that become "Gold" customers must be notified immediately, and a golden customer card will be printed and sent to them within one weekFor shopping carts worth more than $1000, "Gold" customers receive an additional discount of 10% of the total amount

RIF is…

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99

Editors/environmentsOiled, Protégé, Swoop, TopBraid, Ontotrack, …

Developing Tools and Infrastructure

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100

Editors/environmentsOiled, Protégé, Swoop, TopBraid, Ontotrack, …

Reasoning systemsCerebra, FaCT++, Kaon2, Pellet, Racer, CEL, …

Developing Tools and Infrastructure

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PelletKAON2 CEL

Visualizing and Publishing Vocabularies

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Reusable, public ontologies

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Measurement Units Ontology

The Event Ontology

FOAF


Agenda

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Fantasy Land Architecture

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Ontology / Schema+

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Reality

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Internet

OracleRDB

DB2XML

LDAP Directory

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

Custom UI

GRDDL is…

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Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Language

GRDDL is…

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A method for authoritatively getting RDF data from XML and XHTML documents.

GRDDL is…

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A mechanism for authoritatively deriving RDF data from families of XML and XHTML

documents.

Community-maintained list:http://esw.w3.org/topic/GrddlImplementations

GRDDL tools

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Most GRDDL tools are adapters to existing RDF stores or SPARQL engines to allow loading or querying data from XML and XHTML sources.

Host System GRDDL toolJena GRDDL Reader for Jena

RDFLib GRDDL.pyRedland (built in)

Swignition (built in)Virtuoso GRDDL “Sponger”

http://esw.w3.org/topic/GrddlImplementations

RDB2RDF is…

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Relational Database to RDF

RDB2RDF is…

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A proposed W3C Working Group to define a standard way to map from relational databases

to RDF (and SPARQL).

Survey of existing approaches:http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/rdb2rdf/RDB2RDF_SurveyReport.pdf

RDF2RDB tools

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Tool Mapping Approach Dynamic vs. Static (ETL)

Anzo D2RQ configuration graph Both

Asio Tools OWL file, SWRL rules Both

Dartgrid XML file, visual mapper Dynamic

D2RQ D2RQ configuration file Both

R2O R2O XML file Both

RDBtoOnto Constraint rules Static (ETL)

SDS EII Query Engine/OOM XML Both

Triplify SQL config file Linked Data

Virtuoso RDF View Meta-Schema Language Both

http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/rdb2rdf/RDB2RDF_SurveyReport.pdf

What about… everything else?

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Standards don’t yet exist, but many tools exist to derive RDF and/or run SPARQL queries against

other sources of data.

LDAP Directories

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Squirrel RDFhttp://jena.sourceforge.net/SquirrelRDF/

Excel spreadsheets

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Anzo for Excelhttp://www.cambridgesemantics.com/products/anzo_for_excel

Excel spreadsheets

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Semantic Discovery Systemhttp://insilicodiscovery.com/installation/index.php

Web-based data sources

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Virtuoso Sponger Cartridgeshttp://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/dataspace/dav/wiki/Main/VirtSponger

Unstructured Text

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Calaishttp://www.opencalais.com/

Unstructured Text

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Zemanta Web Servicehttp://developer.zemanta.com/


Agenda

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A simple set of 4 guidelines for publishing RDF data on the Web (over HTTP)

Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 2006

1. Use URIs as names for things• Globally unique identity

2. Use HTTP URIs • Everyone has a Web browser/client

3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information• …in the form of RDF data

4. Include links to other URIs• Foster discovery of additional information

Linked Data is…

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The Linking Open Data Project is...

A community project started within the W3C Semantic Web Education & Outreach group in 2007

A wealth of existing, open Web-based data sets exposed in RDF and linked together

A growing number of publicly available SPARQL endpoints

The first steps of “The” Semantic Web? No longer easily measured or depicted!

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The LOD “cloud”, May 2007

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The LOD “cloud”, March 2008

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The LOD “cloud”, September 2008

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The LOD “cloud”, March 2009

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Application specific portions of the cloud Notably, bio-related data sets (in light purple)

some by the W3C “Linking Open Drug Data” task force

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Sindice - Another view of data on the Web

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Many tools we’ve already seen publish RDF data according to linked data principles

E.g. Talis platform, Virtuoso, TriplifyOthers sit on top of existing systems and make the data available as Linked Data

E.g. pubby

Tools: Publishing linked data

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Tools: the Data Browser

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World Wide Web : Web pages :: The Semantic Web : Data

World Wide Web : Web browser :: Linked Data Web : Data browser

Tabulator: Generic Data Browser

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Disco Hyperdata Browser

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OpenLink Data Explorer

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Marbles Linked Data Browser

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DBPedia Mobile

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DBPedia Mobile

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DBPedia Mobile

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DBPedia Mobile

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QDOS – your online digital status

139May 12, 2009

BBC Music Beta

140May 12, 2009

On the current Web…Content publishers decide what can be done with the data (via links, script)

On the Semantic Web…Content publishers publish actionable dataContent consumers decide how to act on it

Producer-oriented Web to consumer-oriented Web

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UltraLink

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UltraLink is Novartis’s solution for cross-linking over 1,500,000 biologic and chemical terms, including synonyms, taxonomies, and

pointers into data repositories.

What if an acquisition brings with it a new Web-based corpus of pathway data that uses terms not recognized by the annotators?

New text miners must be created & deployedFinding & consuming data are too tightly coupled

UltraLink

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RDFa is…

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RDF in Attributes

RDFa is…

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A collection of HTML attributes that allow RDF to be embedded directly in Web pages.

Don’t Repeat Yourself (DRY)In-context metadata (copy & paste)Authoritative (no screen scrapig)

Why RDFa?

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Who’s using RDFa?

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STW Thesaurus for Economics

RDFa in action

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POWDER is…

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Protocol for Web Description Resources

groups of online resourcesdescriptions applied to

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http://www.slideshare.net/fabien_gandon/powder-in-a-nutshell-presentation

onedescription

many resources

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grouping mechanisms...

... list URIs... domain names, paths ... regular expressions on URIs

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descriptionsmay be grouped

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queriesare on individual resources

description…• Which resources does the DR describe?• What is the description?• Who has created the description?• When was the description created?• Until when is the description considered valid?• From when is the description considered valid?• Does anybody agree with this description?• Do other descriptions exist about this group of resources?

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in order to...

trust

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protectauthorize

adapt

searchmonitor

Thanks & Questions

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[email protected]