SINGLE SUBJECT

RESEARCH

PREPARED FOR:

DR JOHAN @ EDDY LUARAN

PREPARED BY:

AFZA ARRMIZA BINTI RAZIF [2013697158]

HANIFAH BINTI RAMLEE

IZYAN NADHIRAH BINTI WAHID

MAIZATUL AKMAL BINTI ZULKIFLI

DEFINITION

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SINGLE SUBJECT DESIGN

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CHARACTERISTIC

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Figure 14.2 A-B Design

As you can see, five measures were taken before the

intervention and five more during the intervention. Looking at

the data in figure 14.2, the intervention appears to have been

effective. The amount of responsiveness after the

intervention increased markedly.

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Threat to Internal Validity in Single-

Subject ResearchIt involve the :

The length of the baseline and intervention conditions

The Number of Variables Changed When Moving from One

Condition to Another

The Degree and Speed of Change

The Return to Baseline Level

Independence of Behaviour

Number of Baselines

CONDITION

LENGTH

Refers to how long the baseline and intervention conditions are in effect.

The number of data points gathered during a conditions.

Minimum three of data point to establish a clear pattern or trend.

As a hypothesis,in a certain period or condition of length,the researcher need to gathered enough data as it will establish the clear pattern

Figure 14.10 (a)

Figure 14.10 (b)

NUMBER OF

VARIABLES

CHANGED WHEN

MOVING FROM ONE

CONDITION TO

ANOTHER

Only one variable should be

changed at a time when

moving from one condition

to another

When analyzing a single –

subject design,it always

important to determined

whether only one variable

at a time has been changed

DEGREE AND

SPEED OF

CHANGE

In single-subject

research,the stability is

important

The data change at the

time the intervention

condition is implemented

influenced the stability of

baseline

(when the independent

variable is introduced or

removed)

Figure 14.11(a)

Figure 14.11(b)

Figure 14.11(c)

RETURN TO

BASELINE

LEVEL

The subject’s behaviour did

not return to the original

baseline level suggest that

the one or more extraneous

variable may have

produced the effects

observed during the

intervention condition

Differences in Return to Baseline

Conditions

Figure 14.12(a) Figure 14.12(b)

NUMBER OF

BASELINES

In order to have a multiple –

baseline design,researcher

must have at least two

based line

Baseline begin at same

time,the intervention occur

in different time

More baseline and

intervention will lead to

invalid conclusion

NUMBER OF

BASELINES

The greater number of baselines,the greater the probability that the intervention is the cause of any change in behaviour

The more baselines,thereare,the longer the later behaviours must remain in baseline

The fewer the number of baseline,the less likely we can conclude that is the intervention rather than some other variable that causes any change in behaviour

CONTROL OF

THREATS TO

INTERNAL

VALIDITY IN

SINGLE-SUBJECT

RESEARCH

Single-Subject designs are

most effective in controlling

for :

Subject characteristics

Mortality

Testing

History

EXTERNAL

VALIDITY IN

SINGLE-SUBJECT

RESEARCH:THE

IMPORTANCE OF

REPLICATION

Single subject studies are

weak when it comes to

external validity

Total rely on replications-

across individual instead of

groups

The result worthly of

generalization