Commonwealth• Self-governing territory associated with another country

Mercantilism (Commercialism)• A country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other

countries, exporting more than it imports

Encomienda System• System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local

Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Hacienda System• Similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their

products from their owners

Hapsburg • When under Habsburg rule, Spain reached the zenith of its influence

and power, controlling territory.

Philip II of Spain• The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of

Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)• A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant

religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals, the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)• Ended Thirty Years War, and granted right to individual rulers within

the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Prince Henry the Navigator• Supported Portuguese exploration, financed Bartholomew Dias and

Vasco da Gama.

Bartholomew Dias• Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa (Cape of Good

Hope).

Vasco da Gama• Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored

E. African kingdoms, and went to India to establish trade relations.

Christopher Columbus• Spanish explorer who mistakenly found the West Indies instead of his

goal of finding China and India.

West Indies• An archipelago between SE N. America and N S. America, separating

the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean and including the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahama Islands.

Greater Antilles• An island group of the northern West Indies including Cuba, Jamaica,

Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.

Lesser Antilles• An island group of the eastern West Indies extending in an arc from

Aruba to the Virgin Islands.

Treaty of Tordesillas• Agreement between Spain and Portugal on divided the New World;

everything east of "the line" belonged to Portugal, and everything to the west belonged to Spain.

Colonialism• The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over

another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Nationalism• A belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual

identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

Hernan Cortes• Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztec Empire via

advanced weapons, diseases, and help from conquered Aztec peoples.

Montezuma II• Last emperor of the Aztec Empire, killed during Spanish invasion led

by Hernan Cortes.

Francisco Pizarro• Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Inca Empire via

advanced weapons, and diseases.

Peninsulares• Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies in the New World.

Creoles (Crillos)• People born in the colonies to Spanish parents.

Mestizos• Those with European and Native American ancestry.

Mulattos• Those with European and African ancestry.

Viceroys• Appointed governors of each of the five regions of New Spain.

Colombian Exchange• Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations,

communicable diseases, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian

Goa, India• Island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade