1. By : Abhishek Shah SAL Institute of Technology and
Engineering Research Ahmedabad INDIA
2. Content Slump Test Flow Test Compacting Factor Test Ve Be
Time Test L-Box Test J-Ring Test V-Funnel Test Orimet Test
3. Slump Test Principle Apparatus Procedure Types Of Slump
Aim
4. Slump Test Aim :- To Determine the Consistency Of Concrete
Principle The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a
compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It
measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
5. Slump Test Apparatus Slump cone : frustum of a cone, 300 mm
(12 in) of height. The base is 200 mm (8in) in diameter and it has
a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm Scale for measurement,
Temping rod(steel) 15mm diameter, 60cm length.
6. Slump Test Procedure The base is placed on a smooth surface
and the container is filled with concrete in three layers, whose
workability is to be tested . Each layer is temped 25 times with a
standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the end.
When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface
is struck off (leveled with mold top opening) by means of screening
and rolling motion of the temping rod. The mold must be firmly held
against its base during the entire operation so that it could not
move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means
of handles or foot rests brazed to the mold.
7. Slump Test Procedure Immediately after filling is completed
and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly and carefully
lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump. The
decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is
called slump. The slump is measured by placing the cone just
besides the slump concrete and the temping rod is placed over the
cone so that it should also come over the area of slumped concrete.
The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with
scale. (usually measured to the nearest 5 mm (1/4 in).
8. Slump Test Types Of Slump The slumped concrete takes various
shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump
is termed as; Collapse Slump Shear Slump True Slump
9. Slump Test Types Of Slump Collapse Slump In a collapse slump
the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally
mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix,
for which slump test is not appropriate. Shear Slump In a shear
slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips
sideways. OR If one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane,
the slump is said to be a shear slump. If a shear or collapse slump
is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is
repeated. If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh
mixes, this is an indication of lack of cohesion of the mix.
10. Slump Test Types Of Slump True Slump In a true slump the
concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape This is the
only slump which is used in various tests. Mixes of stiff
consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no
variation can be detected between mixes of different workability.
However , in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump
can easily change to the shear slump type or even to collapse, and
widely different values of slump can be obtained in different
samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for
lean mixes.
11. Slump Test Uses The slump test is used to ensure uniformity
for different batches of similar concrete under field conditions
and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction.
This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or
hour- to-hour variation in the materials being fed into the mixer.
An increase in slump may mean, for instance, that the moisture
content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases. Other cause would
be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency
of sand. Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and
enables the mixer operator to remedy the situation. This
application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible
for its widespread use.
12. Slump Test Degree of workability Slump (mm) Use for which
concrete is suitable Very low 0 - 25 Very dry mixes; used in road
making. Roads vibrated by power operated machines Low 25 - 50 Low
workability mixes; used for foundations with light reinforcement.
Roads vibrated by hand operated Machines Medium 50 - 100 Medium
workability mixes; manually compacted flat slabs using crushed
aggregates. Normal reinforced concrete manually compacted and
heavily reinforced sections with vibrations High 100 - 175 High
workability concrete; for sections with congested reinforcement.
Not normally suitable for vibration >Table : Workability, Slump
and Compacting Factor of concrete with 19 or 38 mm (3/4 or 11/2 in)
maximum size of aggregate.
13. Aim Principle Apparatus Procedure Result
14. Flow Test Aim :- The flow table test or flow test is a
method to determine the consistence of fresh concrete. Principle
This test is giving us the ability of concrete to flow under the
gravitational force when poured and compacted within the cone and
suddenly lifted up
15. Flow Test Equipment Flow table with a grip and a hinge, 70
cm x 70 cm. Abrams cone, open at the top and at the bottom - 30 cm
high, 17 cm top diameter, 25 cm base diameter Water bucket and
broom for wetting the flow table. Tamping rod, 60 cm height Scale
for measurement
16. Flow Test Conducting The flow table is wetted. The cone is
placed on the flow table and filled with fresh concrete in two
layers, each layer 25 times tamp with tamping rod. The cone is
lifted, allowing the concrete to flow. The flow table is then
lifted up several centimeters and then dropped, causing the
concrete flow a little bit further. After this the diameter of the
concrete is measured in a 6 different direction and take the
average.
20. Compacting Factor Test Aim To measure the degree of
compaction For the standard amount of work and thus offer a direct
and reasonably reliable assessment of the workability Of concrete .
Principle the test require measurement of the weight of the
partially and fully compacted concrete and the ratio the partially
compacted weight to the fully compacted weight, which is always
less than one, is known as compacted factor . For the normal range
of concrete the compacting factor lies between 0.8 - 0.92
21. Compacting Factor Test Apparatus Trowels Hand Scoop (15.2
cm long) Rod of steel or other suitable material (1.6 cm diameter,
61 cm long rounded at one end ). Balance.
22. Compacting Factor Test Procedure 1) Ensure the apparatus
and associated equipment are clean before test and free from
hardened concrete and superfluous water . 2) Weigh the bottom
cylinder to nearest 10gm , put it back on the stand and cover it up
with a pair of floats . 3) Gently fill the upper hopper with the
sampled concrete to the level of the rim with use of a scoop . 4)
Immediately open the trap door of the upper hopper and allow the
sampled concrete to fall into the middle hopper . 5) Remove the
floats on top of the bottom cylinder and open the trap door of the
middle hopper allowing the sampled concrete to fall into the bottom
cylinder . 6) Remove the surplus concrete above the top of the
bottom cylinder by holding a float in each hand and move towards
each other to cut off the concrete across the top of cylinder
23. Compacting Factor Test 7) Wipe clean the outside of
cylinder of concrete and weigh to nearest 10gm . 8) Subtract the
weight of empty cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete
to obtain the weight of partially compacted concrete . 9) Remove
the concrete from the cylinder and refill with sampled concrete in
layers . 10) Compact each layer thoroughly with the standard
Compacting Bar to achieve full compaction . 11) Float off the
surplus concrete to top of cylinder and wipe it clean . 12) Weigh
the cylinder to nearest 10gm and subtract the weight of empty
cylinder from the weight of cylinder plus concrete to obtain the
weight of fully compacted concrete .
25. VeBe Time Test Aim To Measure the workability of Concrete
Principle It is based on measuring the time (Called VEBE time)
needed to transfer the shape of a concrete mix from a frustum cone
to a cylinder (these shapes are standardized by the apparatus of
this test), by vibrating and compacting the mix. The more VEBE time
needed the less workable the mix is. This method is very useful for
stiff mixes.
26. VeBe Time Test Apparatus Cylindrical container with
diameter = 240 mm, and height = 200 mm Mold: the same mold used in
the slump test. Disc : A transparent horizontal disc attached to a
rod which slides vertically Vibrating Table : 380*260 mm, supported
by four rubber shock absorbers Tamping Rod Stop watch
27. VeBe Time Test Procedure 1) Slump test as described earlier
is performed, placing the slump cone inside the sheet metal
cylindrical pot of the consist meter. 2) The glass disc attached to
the swivel arm is turn and place on the top of the concrete in the
pot. 3) The electrical vibrator is then switched on and
simultaneously a stop watch started. 4) The vibration is continued
till such time as the conical shape of the concrete disappears and
the concrete assume a cylindrical shape. 5) This can be judge by
observing the glass disc from the top disappearance of
transparency. 6) Immediately when the concrete fully assume a
cylindrical shape, the stop watch is switched off.
28. VeBe Time Test 7) The time required for the shape of
concrete to change from slump cone shape to cylindrical shape in
second is known as Vibe Degree. 8) This method is very suitable for
very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measure by slump
test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with slump
greater than about 50m. The test fails if VeBe Time is less than 5
seconds .. And the test must be created when no collapse or shears
slump in concrete
29. Apparatus
30. L-Box Test Aim The method aims at investigating the passing
ability of SCC. Principle It measures the reached height of fresh
SCC after passing through the specified gaps of steel bars and
flowing within a defined flow distance. With this reached height,
the passing or blocking behavior of SCC can be estimated
31. Apparatus Two types of gates can be used, one with 3 smooth
bars and one with 2 smooth bars. The gaps are 41 and 59 mm,
respectively Suitable tool for ensuring that the box is level i.e.
a spirit level Suitable buckets for taking concrete sample L Box
Test
32. L-Box Test
33. L-Box Test Procedure Place the L-box in a stable and level
position Fill the vertical part of the L-box, with the extra
adapter mounted, with 12.7 liters of representative fresh SCC Let
the concrete rest in the vertical part for one minute ( 10
seconds). During this time the concrete will display whether it is
stable or not (segregation). Lift the sliding gate and let the
concrete flow out of the vertical part into the horizontal part of
the L-box. When the concrete has stopped moving, measure the
average distance, noted as h, between the top edge of the box and
the concrete that reached the end of the box, at three positions,
one at the centre and two at each side
34. L-Box Test Expression Of Results The passing ratio PL or
blocking ratio BL is calculated using equation (2) or (2), and
expressed in dimensionless to the nearest 0.01 Precision The
passing ratio PL or blocking ratio BL is calculated using equation
(2) or (2), and expressed in dimensionless to the nearest 0.01
Based on the inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project
Testing- SCC (GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2
replicates and 22 operators from 11 laboratories, the precision of
the L-box passing or blocking ratio can be expressed by the
following equations or where Hmax = 91 mm and H = 150 h
35. L-Box Test Precision r = 0.474 0.463PL, with R2 = 0.996,
when PL 0.65; and r = 0.18 when PL < 0.65 (3) or r = 0.463BL
0.011, with R2 = 0.996, when BL 0.35; and r = 0.18 when BL >
0.35 (3) and R = 0.454 0.425PL, with R2 = 0.989, when PL 0.65; and
R = 0.18 when PL < 0.65 (4) or R = 0.425BL 0.029, with R2 =
0.996, when BL 0.35; and R = 0.18 when BL > 0.35 (4) where R2 is
the square correlation coefficient. Some values are listed in Table
2 for convenience of use
36. L-Box Test
37. Definition ProcedureApparatus
38. J-Ring Test Definition The J-ring test aims at
investigating both the filling ability and the passing ability of
SCC. It can also be used to investigate the resistance of SCC to
segregation by comparing test results from two different portions
of sample. The J-ring test measures three parameters: flow spread,
flow time T50J (optional) and blocking step. The J-ring flow spread
indicates the restricted deformability of SCC due to blocking
effect of reinforcement bars and the flow time T50 indicates the
rate of deformation within a defined flow distance. The blocking
step quantifies the effect of blocking. Apparatus J-ring with the
dimensions as shown in Figure 6, where the positions for the
measurement of height differences are also given Straight rod for
aligning the reference line in the measurement, with a length of
about 400 mm and at least one flat side having the flexure less
than 1 mm.
39. J-Ring Test
40. J-Ring Test Procedure Place the cleaned base plate in a
stable and level position Fill the bucket with 6~7 litres of
representative fresh SCC and let the sample stand still for about 1
minute ( 10 seconds). Under the 1 minute waiting period pre-wet the
inner surface of the cone and the test urface of the base plate
using the moist sponge or towel, and place the cone in the centre
on the 200 mm circle of the base plate and put the weight ring on
the top of the cone to keep it in place. (If a heavy cone is used,
or the cone is kept in position by hand no weight ring is needed).
Place the J-ring on the base plate around the cone Fill the cone
with the sample from the bucket without any external compacting
action such as rodding or vibrating. The surplus concrete above the
top of the cone should be struck off, and any concrete remaining on
the base plate should be removed
41. J-Ring Test Procedure Check and make sure that the test
surface is neither too wet nor too dry. No dry area on the base
plate is allowed and any surplus of the water should be removed the
moisture state of the plate shall be just wet. After a short rest
(no more than 30 seconds for cleaning and checking the moist state
of the test surface), lift the cone perpendicular to the base plate
in a single movement, in such a manner that the concrete is allowed
to flow out freely without obstruction from the cone, and start the
stopwatch the moment the cone loose the contact with the base plate
Stop the stopwatch when the front of the concrete first touches the
circle of diameter 500 mm. The stopwatch reading is recorded as the
T50J value. The test is completed when the concrete flow has
ceased. lay the straight rod with the flat side on the top side of
the J-ring and measure the relative height differences between the
lower edge of the straight rod and the concrete surface at the
central position (h0) and at the four positions outside the J-ring,
two (hx1, hx2) in the x-direction and the other two (hy1, hy2) in
the y-direction (perpendicular to x)
42. J-Ring Test Procedure Measure the largest diameter of the
flow spread, dmax, and the one perpendicular to it, dperp, using
the ruler (reading to nearest 5 mm). Care should be taken to
prevent the ruler from bending NOTE For non-circular concrete
spreads the x-direction is that of the largest spread diameter
Expression Of Results The J-ring flow spread SJ is the average of
diameters dmax and dperp, as shown in Equation (6). SJ is expressed
in mm to the nearest 5 mm
43. J-Ring Test Expression Of Results The J-ring flow time T50J
is the period between the moment the cone leaves the base plate and
SCC first touches the circle of diameter 500 mm. T50J is expressed
in seconds to the nearest 1/10 seconds The J-ring blocking step BJ
is calculated using equation (7) and expressed in mm to the nearest
1 mm.
44. J-Ring Test Precisions Based on the inter-laboratory test
organised in the EU-project Testing-SCC (GRD2-
2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2 replicates and 16 operators
from 8 laboratories, the values of repeatability and
reproducibility of the J-ring flow spread and flow time T50J are
listed in Table 6
45. V-Funnel Test Definition The V-funnel flow time is the
period a defined volume of SCC needs to pass a narrow opening and
gives an indication of the filling ability of SCC provided that
blocking and/or segregation do not take place; the flow time of the
V- funnel test is to some degree related to the plastic viscosity.
Apparatus V-funnel, as shown in Figure 7, made of steel, with a
flat, horizontal top and placed on vertical supports, and with a
momentary releasable, watertight opening gate Stopwatch with the
accuracy of 0.1 second for recording the flow time Straightedge for
levelling the concrete Buckets with a capacity of 1214 litres for
taking concrete sample Moist sponge or towel for wetting the inner
surface of the V-funnel
46. V-Funnel Test Procedure Place the cleaned V-funnel
vertically on a stable and flat ground, with the top opening
horizontally positioned Wet the interior of the funnel with the
moist sponge or towel and remove the surplus of water, e.g. through
the opening. The inner side of the funnel should be just wet. Close
the gate and place a bucket under it in order to retain the
concrete to be passed Fill the funnel completely with a
representative sample of SCC without applying any compaction or
rodding Remove any surplus of concrete from the top of the funnel
using the straightedge. Open the gate after a waiting period of (10
2) seconds. Start the stopwatch at the same moment the gate
opens
47. V-Funnel Test Procedure Look inside the funnel and stop the
time at the moment when clear space is visible through the opening
of the funnel. The stopwatch reading is recorded as the V-funnel
flow time, noted as tV Do not touch or move the V-funnel until it
is empty Expression Of Results The V-funnel flow time tV is the
period from releasing the gate until first light enters the
opening, expressed to the nearest 0.1 second
48. V-Funnel Test Expression Of Results Based on the
inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project Testing-SCC
(GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2 replicates and 20
operators from 10 laboratories, the precision of the V-funnel flow
time can be expressed by the following equations the precision of
the V-funnel flow time can be expressed by the following equations:
r = 0.335 tV 0.62, with R2 = 0.823, when 3 tV 15; and r = 4.4 when
tV > 15 (8) and R = 0.502 tV 0.943, with R2 = 0.984, when 3 tV
15; and R = 6.6 when tV > 15 (9) where R2 is the square
correlation coefficient. Some values are listed in Table 5 for
convenience of use.
49. V-Funnel Test
50. Procedure Definition Apparatus
51. Orimet Test Definition The Orimet flow time is the period a
defined volume of SCC needs to pass a narrow opening (a tube
narrowed by an orifice). The flow time of the Orimet test is to
some degree related to the plastic viscosity Apparatus Orimet, made
of steel, with the tube of a length of 600 mm and an inner diameter
of 120 mm. The orifice, which narrows the opening of the tube and
shears SCC, is interchangeable; its diameter can be chosen
according to the mixture composition and the criteria on SCC.
Figure 8 shows the filling of the Orimet with a bucket Stopwatch
with the accuracy of 0.1 second for recording the flow time
Straightedge for levelling the concrete Buckets with a capacity of
1012 litres for taking concrete sample Moist sponge or towel for
wetting the inner surface of the Orimet
52. Orimet Test
53. Orimet Test Procedure Place the cleaned Orimet vertically
on a stable and flat ground, with the top opening horizontally
positioned and check whether the tripod is completely extended Wet
the interior of the Orimet with the moist sponge or towel and
remove the surplus of water, e.g. through the opening. The inner
side of the Orimet should be just wet. Close the gate and place a
bucket under it in order to retain the concrete to be passed Fill
the Orimet completely with a representative sample of SCC without
applying any compaction or rodding Remove any surplus of concrete
from the top of the Orimet using the straightedge Open the gate
after a waiting period of (10 2) seconds. Start the stopwatch at
the same moment the gate opens
54. Orimet Test Procedure Look inside the Orimet and stop the
time at the moment when clear space is visible through the opening
of the Orimet. The stopwatch reading is recorded as the Orimet flow
time, noted as tO Expression Of Results The Orimet flow time tO is
the period from releasing the gate until first light enters the
opening, expressed to the nearest 0.1 second Based on the
inter-laboratory test organised in the EU-project Testing-SCC
(GRD2- 2000-30024/G6RD-CT-2001-00580) with 2 replicates and 20
operators from 10 laboratories, the precision of the Orimet flow
time (with the orifice 70 mm) can be expressed by the following
equations
55. Orimet Test Expression Of Results r = 0.433 tO 0.594, with
R2 = 0.996, when 3 tO 15; and r = 6.6 when tO > 15 (10) and R =
0.472 tO 0.28, with R2 = 0.947, when 3 tO 15; and R = 6.8 when tO
> 15 (11) where R2 is the square correlation coefficient. Some
values are listed in Table 6 for convenience of use.
