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States of States of Consciousness Consciousness AP Psychology AP Psychology Mrs. VanCoughnett Mrs. VanCoughnett

States of Consciousness

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Page 1: States of Consciousness

States of States of ConsciousnessConsciousnessAP PsychologyAP PsychologyMrs. VanCoughnettMrs. VanCoughnett

Page 2: States of Consciousness

What is What is ConsciousnessConsciousness?? Awareness of ourselves & our Awareness of ourselves & our

environmentenvironment

Selective Consciousness/Attention:Selective Consciousness/Attention: focusfocus– Ie: the cocktail party effectIe: the cocktail party effect

Dual processingDual processing: information is : information is processed consc. & unconsc.processed consc. & unconsc.

Cognitive neuroscienceCognitive neuroscience: study of brain : study of brain activity while engaging in mental activity while engaging in mental processesprocesses

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Levels of the Levels of the UnconsciousUnconscious PreconsciousPreconscious

– Past info that can be recalledPast info that can be recalled– Ex: memoriesEx: memories

Unconscious/SubconsciousUnconscious/Subconscious– Collection of mental processes not Collection of mental processes not

directly available to our consciousnessdirectly available to our consciousness– Ex: unacceptable feelings, wishes, urgesEx: unacceptable feelings, wishes, urges

NonconsciousNonconscious– Processes completely outside of our Processes completely outside of our

conscious awarenessconscious awareness– Ex: heart rate, blood flowEx: heart rate, blood flow

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Information ProcessingInformation Processing Parallel processing (all at once) vs. Parallel processing (all at once) vs.

serial processing (step by step)serial processing (step by step)

Conscious processing follows Conscious processing follows sequencesequence

TRY IT!!TRY IT!!– Rotate your right foot counter clockwise, Rotate your right foot counter clockwise,

while attempting to write the number ‘3’while attempting to write the number ‘3’

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SleepSleep SleepSleep: : a natural and periodic

state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

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Sleep (cont.)Sleep (cont.) Circadian Rhythm:Circadian Rhythm: 24 hour 24 hour

biological clock (sleep & wake)biological clock (sleep & wake)– Hypothalamus & reticular formationHypothalamus & reticular formation

Bright lightsBright lights– Melatonin from pineal glandMelatonin from pineal gland

Jet Lag disrupts circadian rhythmsJet Lag disrupts circadian rhythms

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Sleep StagesSleep StagesStageStage TimeTime EffectsEffects

11 SecondsSeconds Slowed breathing, irregular Slowed breathing, irregular brain waves, “falling”, brain waves, “falling”, hypnagogichypnagogic

22 20 min.20 min. Rapid brain waves, sleep Rapid brain waves, sleep talkingtalking

33 SecondsSeconds Transition to deep sleepTransition to deep sleep44 30 min.30 min. Slow delta (deep) wavesSlow delta (deep) waves

REMREM 40 min.40 min. Increased heart rate, rapid Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, darting eyesbreathing, darting eyes

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Rapid Eye MovementRapid Eye Movement ~100 Minutes per night in REM~100 Minutes per night in REM Cycle repeats 4-5 times/nightCycle repeats 4-5 times/night

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Why Sleep??Why Sleep?? ““A large sleep debt makes you A large sleep debt makes you

stupid” (Myers, 212)stupid” (Myers, 212) SLEEP:SLEEP:

– ProtectsProtects– RecuperatesRecuperates– Allows GrowthAllows Growth

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Effects of Sleep Effects of Sleep DeprivationDeprivation

Poor performancePoor performance Decreased immune systemDecreased immune system Decreased metabolismDecreased metabolism Impaired creativityImpaired creativity

““Corduroy pillows make Corduroy pillows make headlines!”headlines!”

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Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia:Insomnia: problems problems

falling/staying asleepfalling/staying asleep Narcolepsy:Narcolepsy: uncontrollable sleep uncontrollable sleep

attacksattacks Sleep Apnea:Sleep Apnea: stop breathing stop breathing

during sleepduring sleep Night Terrors:Night Terrors: incoherent, incoherent,

walking, appear “terrified”walking, appear “terrified”

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DreamsDreams Sequence of emotions, thoughts, Sequence of emotions, thoughts,

and images passing through your and images passing through your mind as you sleepmind as you sleep

Often vivid, nonsenseOften vivid, nonsense You are the director of your own You are the director of your own

movie (movie (lucid dreaminglucid dreaming)) External stimuli may enter dreamsExternal stimuli may enter dreams

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Freud: Why do we Freud: Why do we dream?dream? Freud, Freud, Interpretation of Interpretation of

DreamsDreams (1900) (1900) Manifest Content:Manifest Content:

according to Freud, the according to Freud, the remembered story line of a remembered story line of a dreamdream

Latent content:Latent content: underlying underlying meaning of a dreammeaning of a dream

We express drives and urges We express drives and urges that would be threatening if that would be threatening if done while awakedone while awake

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Freud (cont.)Freud (cont.) Key to understanding internal Key to understanding internal

conflictconflict Dreams are symbolicDreams are symbolic Other Thoughts:Other Thoughts:

– Helps sort memoriesHelps sort memories– Sleep after learning something newSleep after learning something new– Preserve neural pathwaysPreserve neural pathways– Activation-synthesis theoryActivation-synthesis theory

Make sense of random neural activity in Make sense of random neural activity in ponspons

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Drugs & ConsciousnessDrugs & Consciousness

Addiction: Addiction: the body's reliance the body's reliance and compulsive intake of a and compulsive intake of a substance followed by physical substance followed by physical withdrawal after usage ceaseswithdrawal after usage ceases

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Psychology of Psychology of Addiction & Addiction & DependenceDependence

Tolerance:Tolerance: decreased effect of a decreased effect of a drug causes user to increase drug causes user to increase dosage/usedosage/use

Withdrawal:Withdrawal: conditions following conditions following discontinued use of a drugdiscontinued use of a drug

Physical dependence:Physical dependence: physiological physiological need; withdrawalneed; withdrawal

Psychological dependence:Psychological dependence: psychological need; relieve negative psychological need; relieve negative emotionemotion

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Figure 17.1 Drug toleranceMyers: Exploring Psychology, Sixth Edition in ModulesCopyright © 2005 by Worth Publishers

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Addiction MythsAddiction Myths Addictive drugs quickly corruptAddictive drugs quickly corrupt Addiction cannot be overcome Addiction cannot be overcome

voluntarilyvoluntarily Addiction covers all pleasure-Addiction covers all pleasure-

seeking behaviorsseeking behaviors

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DepressantsDepressants ““downers”downers” Alcohol, barbiturates Alcohol, barbiturates

(tranquilizers), and opiates(tranquilizers), and opiates Calm neural activityCalm neural activity Slow body functionsSlow body functions

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Depressants: AlcoholDepressants: Alcohol Increases harmful & helpful Increases harmful & helpful

tendenciestendencies Sober urges are intoxicated actionsSober urges are intoxicated actions Disrupts processing of recent Disrupts processing of recent

experiences - “blacking out”experiences - “blacking out” Reduces self-awarenessReduces self-awareness Effects influenced by expectationsEffects influenced by expectations

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Depressants: Opiates Depressants: Opiates & Barbiturates& Barbiturates Barbiturates (Tranquilizers)Barbiturates (Tranquilizers)

– Mimic effects of alcoholMimic effects of alcohol– Alone or combined with alcohol can Alone or combined with alcohol can

be lethalbe lethal OpiatesOpiates

– Morphine & heroineMorphine & heroine– Slowed breathing, lethargicSlowed breathing, lethargic– Brain stops naturally producing Brain stops naturally producing

opiates (endorphins) = withdrawalopiates (endorphins) = withdrawal

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StimulantsStimulants ““Uppers”Uppers” Caffeine, Nicotine, Caffeine, Nicotine,

Amphetamines, Cocaine, EcstacyAmphetamines, Cocaine, Ecstacy ““Speed” up body functionsSpeed” up body functions Increase heart/breathing ratesIncrease heart/breathing rates Increased self-confidenceIncreased self-confidence

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Stimulants: NicotineStimulants: Nicotine Tobacco kills 4 million each yearTobacco kills 4 million each year Each cigarette costs you 12 Each cigarette costs you 12

minutes of lifeminutes of life Pediatric, peer diseasePediatric, peer disease Calms anxiety & appetiteCalms anxiety & appetite As addictive as heroine and As addictive as heroine and

cocainecocaine

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Figure 17.3 Where there’s smoke . . . : The physiological effects of nicotineMyers: Exploring Psychology, Sixth Edition in ModulesCopyright © 2005 by Worth Publishers

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Stimulants: CocaineStimulants: Cocaine 5% of HS seniors have tried it5% of HS seniors have tried it Rush of euphoria (15-30 mins) Rush of euphoria (15-30 mins)

then CRASHthen CRASH Effects: Emotional disturbance, Effects: Emotional disturbance,

cardiac arrest, aggressive behaviorcardiac arrest, aggressive behavior Like alcohol, effects depend on Like alcohol, effects depend on

expectationexpectation

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EcstacyEcstacy Stimulant and mild hallucinogenStimulant and mild hallucinogen Triggers release of dopamineTriggers release of dopamine Release and block re-absorption Release and block re-absorption

of serotoninof serotonin ““I love everyone”I love everyone” Dehydration, overheating, deathDehydration, overheating, death May permanently deflate moodMay permanently deflate mood

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Hallucinogens: LSDHallucinogens: LSD Distort perceptions; evoke Distort perceptions; evoke

sensory images when none existsensory images when none exist Aka : PsychedelicsAka : Psychedelics Lattice, cobweb, or spiral imagesLattice, cobweb, or spiral images Similar to near-death experiencesSimilar to near-death experiences

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Hallucinogens: Hallucinogens: MarijuanaMarijuana Hemp plant, THCHemp plant, THC Effects based on mood at the time Effects based on mood at the time

of useof use Medical Marijuana used for Medical Marijuana used for

terminally ill patients with cancer or terminally ill patients with cancer or AIDSAIDS

““Getting high is not conducive to Getting high is not conducive to learning”learning”

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Hallucinogens: Hallucinogens: MarijuanaMarijuana Lingers in the body for 1 month +Lingers in the body for 1 month + More susceptible to cocaine & More susceptible to cocaine &

heroineheroine

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