The Atlantic World, 1492—1800

Chapter 20pgs. 483—503

SPANISH CONQUESTS IN THE AMERICAS

Section 1pgs. 483-489

Christopher Columbus

• Instead of sailing east, he sailed west in search of a direct route to Asia and its riches– Never reached Asia, reached island in the Caribbean

• Named it San Salvador

• Mistakenly gave Native Americans name los indos, thinking he was in India

• Interested in gold• Later journey back to America, not as an explorer,

but as an empire bulder, and began to colonize America

Los Indios• Native American’s

misleading nickname• Given to Native Americans

by Chrisopher Columbus, thinking they were India

Taino

• Natives to San Slavador, the island in the Bahamas, that was “discovered” by Columbus

Pedro Alvares Cabral

• Portuguese explorer• Reached the shores

of modern-day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal

Amerigo Vespucci

• An Italian explorer, working for Spain• Traveled along the eastern coast of South

America• Claimed that the newly discovered land wasn’t

part of Asia, but part of a “new world”• America named after him

Ferdinand Magellan

• 230 men, 5 ships• Sailed around the southern end of South America

and into the unknown waters of the Pacific– Sailed for months without seeing land– Bad food, conditions

• Eventually reached the Philippines – Became involved in local war

• killed

• 18 of original crew returned home• First people to sail around the world

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

• Spanish explorer• Walked through Panama• Became the first

European to ever see the Pacific Ocean

Hernando Cortez

• Spaniard who landed on the shores of Mexico• Colonized several Caribbean islands• Began looking towards the American inland as a

source of income• “conquistador”• Refused to accept Montezuma II’s offer of a share

to the gold that the Aztecs already had• Driven out by Aztec rebels• Conquered Aztecs

Conquistadors

• Conquerors • Spanish explorers • Carved out regions

that would later become Mexico, South America, and the U.S.

Aztecs

• Lived in present-day Mexico

• Wealthy– Lots of silver/gold as natural

resources• Capital Tenochtitlan• Conquered by Cortes

Montezuma II

• Aztec’s emperor– Beloved ruler with great speaking ability

• Believed Cortes was an armor-clad god• Agreed to give the Spanish a portion of the

gold/silver that they already had• Later denounced a traitor when he tried to

stop the Aztecs from fighting Spain

Aztecs Fall

• Rebelled against intruders and drove out Cortes– Cortes struck back and conquered the Aztecs

• Cortes able to win rebellion because– Spanish had superior weapons– Help from locals who hated the Aztecs– Aztec’s immune system unable to cope with

diseases brought over by Europeans

Francisco Pizarro

• Conquistador• Conquered the Incans– Altahualpa– Cajamarca

Atahualpa & Cajamarca

• Atahualpa– Incan ruler– Offered Cortes a room filled

with silver and gold for his release• Pizarro took ransom and was

killed

• Cajamarca– Incan capital– Conquered by Pizarro

Incans

• Empire in Peru• Conquered by Pizarro• Rich in natural resources, like silver

and gold

Reconquista

• Spaniards used techniques from this period while they established their new American empire

peninsulares

• Spanish settlers to America

• Mostly men– Marriage between

natives/Spaniards

Mestizo

• Mix between peninsulares and natives

• Mostly men came to colonies and the natives where the only women

Ecomienda

• Spaniards forced Native Americans to labor, in an effort to get more resources from the land

• Natives mined, farmed, or ranched for Spanish landlords

• Many where abused to death

Brazil

• Cabral claimed present-day Brazil for Portugal

• Brazil had little natural resources and the settlers farmed– Produced a lot of sugar

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

• Led an expedition throughout present-day Arizona

• Searched for wealthy empires to conquer

• Little gold/resources– Spain assigned mostly priests

to explore and colonize America

Pedro de Peralta

• Governor of Spain’s northern holdings– New Mexico

• Led settlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grange & built a capital called Santa Fe

Bartolomé de Las Casas

• Dominican monk• Resented Spain's

treatment of the natives

• Suggested use Africans as slaves instead

Popé

• Pueblo ruler• Led well-organized

uprising against the Spanish– Drove Spanish back

into New Spain for 12 years

COMPETING CLAIMS IN NORTH AMERICA

Section 1pgs. 490-494

Giovanni da Verrazzano

• Italian in the service of France

• Sailed to North America in search of a possible sea route to the Pacific

• Discovered modern-day New York Harbor

Jacques Cartier• Frenchman• Reached a gulf off the coast of the eastern

coast of Canada, that led to a broad river– St. Lawrence River

• Followed river until he reached large island– Named it Mount Royal– Renamed it Montreal

Samuel de Champlain

• Sailed up the St. Lawrence

• Claimed region, he called Quebec– Later become the

basis of France’s colonial empire in North America, known as New France

New France

• France’s colonial empire in America

• Quebec base

Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet

• Marquette: French Priest

• Joliet: trader• Explored the Great

Lakes and the upper Mississippi

Sieur da LaSalle

• Explored the lower Mississippi

• Claimed the entire river valley for France

• Named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV

Jamestown

• English colony in Virginia• Named Jamestown in honor of King James• Start was disastrous

– More interested in finding gold than planting crops– 7/10 people died from hunger, disease, or fighting with the

Native Americans• England's first permanent settlement in North America• Earned a lot of money selling tobacco• Became stable after James took control, and made it a

royal colony

Pilgrims

• Founded England’s second colony in Plymouth

• Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, they sought religious freedoms

Puritans

• Sought religious freedoms• Established colony nearby Massachusetts bay• Wanted to build a model community that

would set an example for other Christians to follow

• Colonist were families, not males like in Jamestown

Henry Hudson

• Englishman in the service of the Netherlands

• Searching for a northwest route to Asia– Didn’t find route – Found Hudson River,

Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait

New Netherlands

• Dutch holdings in North America• Profited from fur trade• Slow to attract colonists• Made up of land claimed by Henry Hudson• “Confusion of to ungues” – Dutch, Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other

European settled there– Protestants, Catholics, Muslims, and Jews

English overpower the Dutch

• “Dutch Wedge” separated its northern and southern colonies

• Charles II granted his brother, Duke of York permission to drive out the Dutch– Dutch surrendered without firing a shot

• Dutch gone and English continued to colonize– Colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia

French and Indian War

• Known as Seven Years War in Britain• Britain and France battled for territory and

supremacy in the West Indies• In North America, the British colonists, with

the help of the British Army, defeated the French in 1763– French surrendered their holdings in America– British seized control of nearly the eastern half of

North America

Relations with Natives

French– mostly cooperative• Mutual benefit of fur trade

– Occasionally fought

English– early relations were cooperative– Worsened over the issues of land and religion– English pushed the Native of their land to

accommodate population of colony

Heathens

• People without faith• English colonists believed that Native

Americans were Heathens– Puritans viewed them as agents of the devil and as

a threat to their godly society– Native Americans developed a similar veiw to the

colonists• Caused strained relations

Powhatan Tribe

• Attacked colonial villages around Jamestown, killing about 350 settlers– Colonists retaliated by

massacring the Powhatan

Metacom

• “King Phillip”• Led an attack on 52 colonial villages

throughout Massachusetts• Months followed both massacred the other

side• After year of fighting, colonists defeated the

Natives

Natives killed by disease

• Europeans brought many diseases with them• Smallpox dropped Native American population

from 24,000 to 750• Natives death caused the colonist to look for a

new way of labor—Africans

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Section 3pgs. 495-499

Slavery in Africa

• Introduction of Islam in Africa increased slavery– Muslim beliefs that non-Muslim prisoners of war could

be sold into slavery• 650—1600 Muslims delivered 4.8 million Africans

to SW Asia• Slaves had some legal rights opportunities of social

mobility– Could be general in army– Could buy land and own slaves– Children of slaves weren’t born slaves

Desire for Africans

• As natives began dying from disease, the colonies needed new workers

• Advantages of Africans– Been exposed to Europeans and built up immune

system to their diseases– Had experience farming and would be able to work

on plantations– Unfamiliar to land

• No familiar tribes in which to hide in• Less likely to escape

Atlantic Slave Trade

• The buying and selling of African slaves for work in the Americas

• 1500-1600, 300,000 Africans were brought to the Americas

Slavery in Americas

• Majority of slaves worked on sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations

• England began to dominate the Atlantic Slave Trade, as it grew– Imported 1.7 million slaves to colonies

African Cooperation

• Many african merchants and rulers supported the Atlantic Slave Trade– Didn’t see difference from seliing to Westerners

• African merchants, with the help of the local rulers captured Africans to be enslaved– Exchanged for guns, gold, and other goods

King Nzinga Mbemba

• Didn’t agree with Atlantic Slave Trade• “Affonso”• Originally participated in the slave trade• Wrote letter to the king of Portugal in which

he protested the taking of Africans for slaves

Triangular Trade

• Transatlantic trading network– Between British

Colonies, Africa, and Britain

Middle Passage

• The voyage that brought captured slaves from Africa to the Americas

• Horrible conditions for the slaves and many people died or committed suicide– About 20% died

Ouaudah Eauiano

• Recalled inhumane conditions on his trip to the West Indies, at age 11 in 1756– I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such

a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat . . . but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across . . . The windlass, while the other flogged me severely.

OLAUDAH EQUIANO, quoted in Eyewitness: The Negro in American History

Harsh Life of Slaves

• After arriving in America, slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder

• Had hard jobs• Little to eat• Often suffered whippings and beatings• Slavery was hereditary– Slaves children were born slaves

Slave Resistance/Rebellion

• made themselves less productive, as though to hurt their owners profits

• 1522 slaves revolted, killing several Spanish colonists

• In Columbia, slaves destroyed the entire town of Santa Marta

Stono Rebellion

• Group of slaves in South Carolina led an uprising

• Killed several colonists • Engaged the local militia in battle• Many slaves died during the fight• Those captured were executed• Despite failures, uprisings continued into the

1800s

Consequences of Atlantic Trade

• Africa– Numerous cultures lost entire generations– Introduced guns

• Colonies– economic and cultural development– New growing techniques– Larger African American population

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND GLOBAL TRADE

Section 4pgs. 500-503

Colombian Exchange

• A global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of North America

Commercial Revolution

• The expansion of trade and business that had transformed European economics

• New business and trade practices

Capitalism

• Economic system based on private ownership and investment of wealth for profit

• Merchants, who had gained money overseas, were investing money in other enterprises– Business across Europe flourished

• Inflation caused prices of goods to rise

Joint-Stock Company

• Number of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose– Failed/prospered wouldn’t loose/gain as much

• Joint-stock companies used to establish colonies– Jamestown developed through joint-stock

company

Mercantilism

• A countries power depended mostly on its wealth

• It was wealth that allowed nations to build strong armies, and purchase vital goods

• Goal of every nation was to become wealthy

Favorable Balance of Trade

• A country sold more goods than it bought