The compass

The “Compass” ofUrban and Housing

Planning

A participatory methodology for urban diagnosis and formulation

of proposals from a human rights-based approach

1. Introduction: Evolution of theurban-housing policies

2. The “Compass”: Approach andmethodology

3. Application to case studies. 4. The “Participlán”5. Exercise

Index

1. Introduction: Evolution of policiesPhases and dates. Focus Main tools used Key documents

Modernization and urbangrowth. 1960- 1970

Physical planning. Publichousing

Integral plan. Construction. Erradication

Redistribution with growth. Middle 1970-1980

States support site andservices for self

construction.

Subsidies for land andhousing. States

acknowledge informality.

Vancouver (1976). Shelters and poverty

(WB, 1980)

The enabling approach1980-1990.

Facilitate peoples efforts, private sector and

markets.

Public-private partnership. Participation, land

management & finances

Urban Policy (WB, 1991). Cities and

poverty. Agenda 21

Sustainable urandevelopment 1990-2014

Holístic planning. Balance among efficiency, equity

and sustenability

As above, but with majoremphasis on environmental

management & povertyaleviation

Sustainabledevelopment of human settlements. Agenda 21

(UNCHS, 1994, c)

Hábitat II: 1996 “Adequate housing for all”and “Sustenaible

Development”

Integration of previousimprovement policies

Agenda hábitat (1996)Global report on human

settlements (1996)

Milenium goals: 2000 Milenium objectives 8, goal 18 and 11

Project MileniumDevelopment.

Milenium DeclarationUN (2000)

Ishtambul + 5: 2001 Agenda Hábitat review Renewal commitmentsagenda hábitat. The right to

the city

Declaration cities in thenew milenium (2001). Global reports (05/10)

source: Adapted from “The enabling approach”, UN Habitat 2006

Plots, housing and informality

3) Renewal existing city: Compact or guided development city2) Urban development (3 times existing cities): Guided expansion

1) Regional development: Territorial planning (POT).

Green beltInformal settlements

4) Micro-planning: slum upgrading projects

Migrations, urban expansion and plans

A) Centralizednational(top-down).

B) Urban(public-privatepartnership)

C) Based onthe slum(participative, focus on informal settlementsnetworking)

D) Mix of thethreeapproaches(national, urbanand slumsimultaneously)

Intervention approaches

1. What is the Compass?• Tool to measure the level of

fullfilment of human rights in marginal neighborhoods throughthe direct participation of neighborsand public officials.

• Strategy to carry out expeditivediagnosis represented graphicallyproblems and alternatives forsolutions.

• Facilite the agreement aroundpriorities to intervenecomplementing works with urbanregulations and social organization.

• Neighours: Providing them a toolfor agreement and selforganization

• Public officials: Facilitating themupdated and systematic (providedby people contrasted to censusand estadistically sound data) toorientate public policies.

• Académics and specializedorganizations: Facilitate thecomparative study ofneighborhood and cities

Potential users

Methodology

La “Compass” consists in crossing 3 key factors:

-Social organization, -Work and services-Regulations

The three factors explain thereasons behind thefulfillment or not of rightsexpressed graphically as the “north” of thecompass.

Hum[n rightsfulfillm_nt|

Pu\li] Work[n^ s_rvi]_s|

So]i[l org[niz[tion

R_gul[tory fr[m_work

• Rights: Level of fulfilment of human rightsmeasured by five factors: Land andhousing, infrastructure, equipament (orsocial services), accesibility (o mobility) and sustainability (or local development).

• Social organization: Level oforganization of the society for human rightfulfilment respect the same key factors.

• Public work and services: What is in process to fulfill human rights ( publicand private) respect the same key factors

• Regulatory framework: Regulations ofland use, density, service standards, maintenance producción, with legal status and community practices, respect thesame key factors.

Key definitions

1. Right to land and housing1.1. Land and housing tenure security

1.2. Not overcrowding (more than 2 persons per room)1.3. Housing built with permanent materials

1.4. Housing with its own toilete or sanitation services1.5. Adequate housing selling and renting available at affordable prices

2) Infraestructure2.1. Available drinkable water supply

2.2. Available latrines or sewage services without contamination2.3. Available drainage preventing flooding

2.4. Available power connection (electricity and gas)2.5 Available telecomunication, Internet, etc services.

3) Accesibility3.1. Available adequate green areas well mantained

3.2. Available pre-escolar, primary and secondary schools3.3. Available hospitals and health center for primary and secondary atention

3.4. Availability coverage of policial service, temples y and civil defence3.5. Available services of public lighting and public cleaning

4) Equipamients4.1. Available sidewalk, and pavements allowing vehicular movements.

4.2. Available bridges and traffic stop ensuring street safety4.3. Available public transport (trains, metro, etc) to cover long distances

4.4. Available services of buses, taxis, motorbike and bikes to cover short distances4.5 Availability of ambulances, firebrigades, police and civil defence reacting on time in

case of accidents5) Sustainability

5.1. Food security5.2. Availability of work, social security and income generation oportunities

5.3. Capacity to save expressed as income porcentahe per household and its reinvertion in habitat priorities

4. Tolerance and aceptancy of multiple communities with different cultures and incomes5. Initives available to reduce disaster risks

The variables

Methodological stepsI. Neighborhooddelimitation

II. Identification of sub-zones

III. Analysis of segregationand fragmentation

IV. Hipothesis ofcauses: Works and

regulations

V. Estimation of rightsand social

organization

VIII. Neighborhoodpact

VII. Action planVI. Summary ofdiagnosis

Neighborhood characterizationMajor state intervention:A lot of public work andregulations, but low social organization. It needs toencourage social organization to advanceand maintain human rights

Strenght social organization:With low public work andregulations, achieve highfulfilment of human rightsthrough self organization. Itneeds to consolidate itsorganization and support tocarry out public works andregulatory frameworks

Equilibrium: It presentssimmilar levels of human rights, public works andregulatory frameworkreflected in a mediumlevel of human rightsfulfilment

Not equilibrated: Itpresents different levels offulfilment, like concentrationof public works withoutadequate regulatoryframework, facilitatingtransference of land valueto other sectors.

I. Fundacional:Economic

plotsregulated by

the state

Progressivefulfillment ofminimumhuman rights

II. Selfconstruction on

plots and selfmanagement toprovide water, sewage andpavements . Increasing

fulfillment of rightsand social work

III. Directintervention of thestate. Construction

of social housing andinfraestructures

Fulfilment of human rights and social

organization

IV. Irruption and expansion ofinformality. . Reduction in fulfilment of

human rights and emerging new forms ofsocial organization

V. Exploring informalityregularization

Advance fulfilling rights andsocial organization

VI. Strategies to capture land value

(taxes and incentives) Advance fulfilling rights and

organization

VII. Re-Inclusion of thesector into the city

Fulfilling of rights

Historical evolution of neighborhoodsFundacional: theneighborhood issubdivided in plots andthe people with their owneffort build their housesand basic water andsanitation services. Verybasic human rights

Neighborhood development:The people by self organizationor cordinating with themunicipality built sanitationnetworks, pavement, etc. .

Increasing fulfilment of human rights, although still limited by social organization

State interventionBuilding social housing, carrying out allinfrastructures. Almostabsolute fulfillment ofhuman rights withinstitutcionalized social organization.

Irruption and expantion ofinformality: More poor setle in the area making insufficient allservices, and creates newforms of social organization. Itis frecuent in this phase theconflict among differentenighbors (formal and informal)

Withdrawal in human rightsfulfillement.

Padre Varela, Luján San Carlos, Moreno Villa Zagala, Soldati, CABA

Los Pinos, Escobar

3. Case studies from Buenos Aires

Villa Soldati, CABAAlta heterogeneidad socio-habitacional Fuerte intervención del estado en la

forma de obras publicas (60), menor regulación (40), muy baja organización social (30),

Resultado medio de cumplimiento de derechos (60).

0

20

40

60

80

100Derechos

Obra

Org. Social

Regulaciones

1) Suelo y vivienda2) Infraestructura3) Equipamientos4) Accesibilidad5) SustentabilidadSub-totalTotal

Categoría Ciudad de Buenos Aires

Soldati Resto

Cantidad de radios censales 18 126

Cantidad de hogares 6.513 51.454

Cantidad de viviendas 6.266 49.286

Cantidad de personas 23.937 156.156

Superficie (Km2) 1,36 21,66

Superficie (Hectáreas) 136 2.166

Densidades (Hogares /Vivienda) 1,04 1,04

Densidades (Personas/ Hogares) 3,68 3,03

Densidades (Personas/Viviendas) 3,82 3,17

Densidades (Viviendas / Ha) 53 24

Densidades (Personas / Ha) 176 72

Historia del proceso histórico de urbanización

3. Villa Zagala (entre San Martín y Vicente López)Área de recepción de población

erradicada Fuerte inversión en vivienda, pero escasa

en otras obras publicas como cloacas (40).

Nivel de regulación bajo, priorizando el uso industrial (40).

Organización social baja (40), fragmentada entre distintos grupos socio-habitacionales.

Escaso cumplimiento de derechos (40)

0

20

40

60

80

100Derechos

Obra

Org. Social

Regulaciones

Categoría Pdo de San Martín-Vte López

Villa Zagala Resto












Barrio San Carlos, Moreno

0

20

40

60

80

100Derechos

Obra

Org. Social

Regulaciones

Bajo nivel de realización de obras (30) Bajo pero Incipiente nivel de organización social

(36), Bajo nivel de regulación (20) Escaso cumplimiento de derechos (30).

Categoría Moreno

San Carlos Resto











5. Barrio Padre Varela, Lujan

0

20

40

60

80

100Derechos

Obra

Org. Social

Regulaciones

Nivel incipiente de organización social (30),

Limitada realización de obras publicas, (22),

Bajo nivel de regulación urbana (20), Bajo nivel de cumplimento de derechos

(17).

Categoría Luján

Varela Resto




Superficie (Hectáreas) 1.067 14.954







6. El caso del barrio “Los Pinos” (Escobar)

0

20

40

60

80

100Derechos

Obra

Org. Social

Regulaciones


Enorme organización social (80),

Cumplimiento medio de derechos (50),

Incipiente realización de obras (40) (realizada por auto gestión)

Muy bajo nivel de regulación (10) barrio informal, no tiene asegurada la tenencia del suelo.

-Superficie de asentamiento: 59960 m2 aprox. = 5,996 ha.-Cantidad de familias: 250.- Líneas de colectivo: 2 (1000 m)-Tren interurbano: 1 (1000 m)-Distancia a centro urbano: 5000m-Distancia a avenida: 1000m-Educación primaria: 1000 m-Educación sec. : 1000m-Densidad actual : 180 hab/hec. aprox. Densidad por ordenanza 411_79: 130 hab/hec.-Clínicas privadas: 2 Hospitales públicos: 1 en construcción a 30 cuadras aprox.

4. El participlan

The “stair” of participation (Arnstein, 1971)

0. Manipulation1. Therapy

2. Information

3. Consultation

4. Propitiation

5. Association

6. Power delegation

7. Citizen control

5. Exercise

• Simmulate themethodological stepspresented in the four case studies.

• Calculate the fulfillement ofhuman rights in the case studies considering the threeaxis proposed by the“compass” and its reflection in the axis “north” expressed in the resulting graphic

• Explore possiblealternatives for action ofassess on going actions andits possible alternatives.

• Consider the methodapplicability to other cases.

Education

The compass