THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL EVENTS

1945-1968

ERASMUS+ 70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 1945-2016

TRANSISTOR

1947

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to ampify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

The first working transistor was constructed by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in December 16, 1947. The following year , William Bradford

Shockley from the same laboratory developed a theory junction transistor, which has managed to build in the 1950s.

For the invention of the transistor they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956.

DNA Structure

1953

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind

Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.

The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure of the DNA molecule .

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE

1957

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The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with

Sergei Korolev as chief designer (there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between

the Soviet Union and the United States.

THE DISCOVERY OF A PULSAR

1967

Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of

electromagnetic radiation.

The precise periods of pulsars make them useful tools. Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12. Certain types of pulsars rival atomic clocks in their accuracy in keeping time.

The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.

THE HAYFLICK LIMIT

1965

In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able to divide a limited number of times, and the closer the limit the more the signs of aging show.

Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the causes of human aging.

 Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops.

Cybernetics base

1948

Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulators

systems, Their structures, constraints, and Possibilities. Cybernetics is

relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological,

cognitive, and social systems.

In 1948, Jewish American mathematician Norbert Wiener

formulated the basics of cybernetics -

Thank you for attention