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PREHISTORY
PEDRO FLORES. 1º ESO
PERIODS OF PREHISTORY
PREHISTORY IS THE PERIOD SINCE THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST HOMINIDS (2.5 MILLIONYEARS AGO) UNTIL THE INVENTION OF WRITING (3,500 BC).
PERIODS OF PREHISTORY
PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
STONE AGE
PREHISTORY
METAL AGES
CUPPER BRONZE IRON
PERIODS OF PREHISTORY
HUMAN EVOLUTION
CHARLES DARWIN, ENGLISH NATURALIST OF THE 19TH CENTURY. AFTER A LONG EXPLORATION JOURNEY IN HIS BOAT CALLED “BEAGLE”, HE WROTE A BOOK CALLED “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” WHERE HE DESCRIBED HIS “EVOLUTION THEORY” AND STATED THAT HUMAN BEINGS ARE THE RESULT OF A SLOW PROCESS OF CHANGE AND TRANSFORMATION.
PREHISTORY STUDIES
THERE ARE SOME DIFFICULTIES: THERE ARE FEW REMAINS AND THERE ARE NO WRITTEN TEXTS. THERE JUST ARCHAOLOGICAL REMAINS.
ARCHEOLOGISTS WORK ON SITES OR PLACES WHERE THERE ARE REMAINS OR FOSSILS (PETRIFIED ORGANIC RESTS).
OTHER SCIENTISTS: GENETITS, PALEONTOLOGISTS, ANTHROPOLOGISTS…
Planning and archeological dig of the site.
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Discovering stratum or layers
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Cleaning of the archeological remains
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Dating
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Reconstruction of the remains and fossils.
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Scientific work: getting DNA fossil and teeth proofs.
PREHISTORY STUDIES
Recreation of primates and hominids.
PREHISTORY STUDIES
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATIONWE CALL PROCESS OF HOMINSATION TO THE GROUP OF CHANGES THAT TRANSFORMTHE PRIMATES INTO HUMAN BEINGS AROUND 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO.
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
- UPRIGHT POSITION- BIPEDALISM- FREE HANDS- INCREASE IN SKULL SIZE- BRAIN DEVELOPMENT- REDUCTION OF THE JAW AND
THE TEETH- APPEARANCE OF THE CHIN- FLAT FOREHEADFRENTE PLANA- LANGUAGE- CREATION OF TOOLS
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATIONWE CALL PROCESS OF HOMINSATION TO THE GROUP OF CHANGES THAT TRANSFORMTHE PRIMATES INTO HUMAN BEINGS AROUND 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO.
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
AUSTRALIS: SOUTHERNPITHECUS: MONKEY
CRONOLOGY: 4 TO 1 MILLION YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 500 CM3HEIGHT: 1,10-1,50 METERSWEIGHT: 40 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHTTOOLS:IT DOESNT MAKE, JUST USELOCATION: EASTERN AFRICA
“LUCY”“LUCY IN THE SKY WITHDIAMONDS” THE BEATLES“SELAM GIRL”
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
HOMO HABILIS
CRONOLOGY: 2,5 TO 1,6 MILLION YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 650 CM3HEIGHT: 1,50 METERSWEIGHT: 50 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHT LANGUAGETOOLS: IT MAKES FIRST TOOLS IT BUILT HUTSLOCATION: AFRICA
HOMO: MANHABILIS: SKILLFULL
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
HOMO HABILIS
FIRST TOOLS: CHOPPERS AND BIFACES
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
HOMO ERECTUSHOMO: MANERECTUS: STRAIGHT
CRONOLOGY: 1,8 TO 300.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1000 CM3HEIGHT: 1,60-1,70 METERSWEIGHT: 60 KGCARACTERISTICS: WALKS UPRIGHT CONTROLS THE FIRE HUNT IN GROUPS USES LEATHER TOOLS: FIRST BIFACES AND AXES IT BUILTS HUTSLOCATION: AFRICA AND ASIA
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
OTHER HOMO SPECIES
HOMO ANTECESSOR“FIRST EUROPEAN INHABITANT”
HOMO GEORGICUS
HOMO FLORESIENSIS“THE HOBBIT”
HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS“THE STRONGEST ONE”
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSISHOMO: MANNEANDERTHAL: NEANDER VALLEY (GERMANY)
CRONOLOGY: 235.000 A 35.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1450 CM3HEIGHT: 1,70-1,80 METERSWEIGHT: 80 KGCARACTERISTICS: FIRST BURIALS FACIAL CHANGESTOOLS: SPECIALIZED TOOLS LOCATION: AFRICA, ASIA AND EUROPE
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENSHOMO: MANSAPIENS: INTELLIGENT
CRONOLOGY: 300.000 YEARSBRAIN CAP.: 1400 CM3HEIGHT: 1,70-1,80 METERSWEIGHT: 80 KGCHARACTERISTICS: CURRENT ASPECT GREAT INTELLIGENCE PRIMERAS MUESTRAS DE ARTETOOLS: STONE, BONE AND HORN TOOLS LOCATION: WORLDWIDE
THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION
EL PROCESO DE HOMINIZACIÓN.HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS VS. SAPIENS SAPIENS
IN EUROPE THEY LIVED TOGETHER DURING SOME TIME. HOWEVER, THE HOMOSAPIENS STILL EXISTED WHILE THE HOMO NEANDERTHALENDIS DID NOT. WHY?.
EL PROCESO DE HOMINIZACIÓN.HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS VS. SAPIENS SAPIENS
HUMAN EXPANSION
ACTIVITIES: THE PROCESS OF HOMINISATION1.- WHAT IS PREHISTORY? DRAW A TIMELINE WITH THE PERIODS WHICH PREHISTORY IS DIVIDED.
2.- LOOK INTO WHO WAS CHARLES DARWIN AND WHAT IS HIS “EVOLUTION THEORY” ABOUT.
3.- WHAT IS THE HOMINISATION PROCESS? WHICH ARE THE MAIN CHANGES BETWEEN PRIMATES ANDHOMINIDS? CHOOSE THREE OF THESE CHANGES AND EXPLAIN WHY ARE SO IMPORTANT.
4.- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE COMPARING THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF HOMINIDS.
ESPECIES CRONOLOGY LOCATION MAIN CHARACTERISTIC
TOOLS
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
H. HABILIS
H.ERECTUS
H. NEANDERTHAL
H.SAPIENS
EL PALEOLÍTICO
PALEO: OLDLITHOS: STONE
PALEOLITHIC: “OLD STONE AGE”
2,5 m.y.: Appearance of human beings 10.000 a.C: agricultura and livestock farming
LOWERPALEOLITHIC
MIDDLEPALEOLITHIC
UPPERPALEOLITHIC
2,5 m.y.-100.000 100.000-50.000 50.000-9.000
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS- H. HABILIS- H.ERECTUS
- H. NEANDERTHAL - H. SAPIENS
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
PREDATORS: HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING
CONSEQUENCES
THEY OBTAINED FOOD, SKINS, BONES FOR MAKING TOOLS AND TENDONS FOR MAKINGTHREADS
IMPROVEMENT IN COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE, BRAIN AND HANDS DEVELOPMENT
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
NOMADISM: THEY CONSTANTLY MOVED FROM PLACE TO PLACE SEARCHING FOOD AND SHELTER
WHERE DO THEY LIVE?
CAVES
SHALLOW CAVES
OPEN AIR
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
CAVES
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
OPEN AIR HUTS
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
CLANS: MADE UP BY FEW PEOPLE, THERE WERE NOT PRIVATE PROPERTY.LIFE EXPENCTANCY: 30 YEARSSOMETIMES DIFFERENT CLANS JOINED TOGETHER FOR HUNTING
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
ACTIVITIES: HUNTING, FISHING AND GATHERING.WOMEN: GATHERED FRUITS AND HUNTED SMALL ANIMALS.MEN: HUNTED HUGE ANIMALS LIKE MAMMUTS.
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
USE OF FIRE:H.ERECTUS DISCOVERED FIRE CASUALLY.H.NEANDERTHALENSIS LEARNT TO MAKE IT (RUBBING A STICK OR CLASHING TWO FLINT STONES).USES: CHASE AWAY DEPREDATORS, TO HEAT UP, TO COOK…
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
CLOTHING:THEY USED SKINS’ ANIMALS.THEY SAW WITH BONE NEEDLES.THEY USED TENDONS AS THREADS.THEY USED NECKLACES AND COLOURED THEIR BODIES.
THE PALEOLITHICHUNTERS AND GATHERERS SOCIETIES
STONE INDUSTRY
LOWER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO HABILIS- CHOPPERS AND PEBBLES- SCULPTED (HIT)- CHOPPER Y CHOPPING TOOL- USE: CUT MEAT AND PLANTS
1ST STAGE
2ND STAGE
LOWER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO HABILIS Y ERECTUS- FLINT OR QUARZITE- HAMMER (HIT) AND PRESSURE- HAND AXES AND CRACKER- USE: MEAT, WOOD AND SKINS
THE PALEOLITHIC
STONE INDUSTRYTHE PALEOLITHIC
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC- HOMO NEANDERTHAL- FLINT- LEVALLOIS TECHNIQUE- AXES, DENTATE, SCRATCHER- POINTED AND LEAF
3RD STAGE
4TH STAGE
UPPER PALEOLITHIC- HOMO SAPIENS- FLINT, BONE, IVORY AND HORN- PERFECTIONATED TECHNIQUE- SEVERAL TOOLS- USE: SPECIALISED
STONE INDUSTRY
THE PALEOLITHIC
ARROWS BIFACE NEDDLES
STONE TOOLS: SPEAR HEADS, KNIFES, SCRAPERS…BONE AND WOOD TOOLS: ARPOONS, HOOKS, NEEDLES…
THE PALEOLITHIC
ARPOONS PERFORATOR SCRAPER
SCRAPER SCRAPER SPEAR THROWER
THE PALEOLITHIC
EL PALEOLÍTICO
FIRST RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
FUNERARY RITUAL
CANIVALISM
BEAR WHORSHIP
OTHER
- FERTILITY WHORSHIP- HUNTING- HEAL ILLNESSES- ETC.
THE PALEOLITHIC
THE BIRTH OF ART
CAVE ART: PAINTINGS, RELIEFS AND ENGRAVINGS ON CAVE WALLS
UPPER PALEOLITHIC: 30.000 YEARSHOMO SAPIENS SAPIENSANIMALS AND HUNTIGN SCENES AND DAILYLIFESEVERAL COLOURS (FAT, BLOOD, EGGS)MEANING: MAGICAL RITUALS
PORTABLE ART: STATUES AND OBJECTS
VENUS: FERTILITY
BATTONS OF COMMAND
LUXURIOUS SPEAR THROWERS
BONE, IVORY AND STONE
THE PALEOLITHIC
ACTIVITIES: THE PALEOLITHIC5.- DEFINE PALEOLITHIC AND MAKE A TIMELINE ABOUT IT
6.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE CHOISE QUESTIONS:
- During Paleolithic, human beings:a) They lived on agricultura b) They were hunters and gatherers c) They lived on trade- Art Works appeared in: a) Lower Paleolithic b) Upper Paleolithic c) Middle Paleolithic- Stone industry refers to techniques for: a) Making clothes b) Decorating caves with paintings c) Making stone tools- During Paleolithic, human beings lived in: a) Caves b) Open air c) Caves and open air
7.- FIND OUT WHAT THE USE OF EACH PALEOLITHIC TOOL:
- Breaking bones and extract marrow SPEAR THROWER- Sewing skins’ animals CHOPPER- Engrave on stone animal figures BIFACE- Throwing javelins or spears BONE NEDDLE- Scraping skin’s animals PERFORATOR- Making holes on skins’ animals and bones SCRAPER- Cutting meat FLINT BURIN
8.- ANSWER TRUE OR FALSE AND CORRECT THE FALSE ONES:
A) During Paleolithic human beings are predators ( )B) Cave art had a magical meaning ( )C) The “battons of command” used to have animal shaped engravings ( )D) They used to bury dinosaurs skulls, it was the so-called “skull cult” ( )E) Where flint was scarce, they used quartzite to make their tools ( )F) Paleolithic people had a high population density ( )G) Fire could be used to heat the stones before sculpting them ( )
9.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT PALEOLITHIC ART
H) What two main groups is Paleolithic art divided in? What is its main difference?I) When and what specie developed this art?J) What is the meaning of this art?K) What do they use to paint on cave walls?L) How do they get the following colours: RED, GREEN, BLACK, BROWNM) Find out which ones are the main caves with cave art in SpainN) What are the Venus? Find out which one is the most important of Europe and where is it?
ACTIVITIES: THE PALEOLITHIC
THE NEOLITHICNEO: NEWLITHOS: STONE
NEOLITHIC: “NEW STONE AGE”
10.000 B.C: AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING
HOMO SAPIENS
4.500 B.C: USE OF METALS
SCULPED STONE IS CHANGED BY POLISHED STONE
AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING BEGINS
AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOK FARMING SOCIETIES
AGRICULTURE
HOW DOES IT START? FROM GATHERING AND NATURAL FERTILISERSWHERE? NEAR EAST, CALLED THE FERTILE CRESCENTWHAT CROPS? CEREALS, LENTILS, PEAS AND LINEWHAT TECHNIQUE? SHIFTING CULTIVATION (BURNING THE LAND)
CLIMATE CHANGE (HOLOCENE)
THE NEOLITHIC
LIVESTOCK FARMING
WHERE DOES IT START? FROM HUNTINGWHERE? NEAR EAST, CALLED THE FERTILE CRESCENTWHAT ANIMALS? DOG, GOAT, SHEEP, HORSE AND PIGWHAT TECHNIQUES? CONTROLLED HUNTING, SHEPERDING AND BREEDING
AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOK FARMING SOCIETIES
THE NEOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC EXPANSION
NEOLITHIC EXPANSION
SEDENTARY WAY OF LIFE: THEY USED TO REMAIN IN A FIXED PLACE FOR TAKING CARE OFCROPS AND HERDS.
WHERE DO THEY LIVE?
HOUSES TOWNS
- CIRCULAR- SQUARE- RECTANGULAR- ADOBE, TRUNKS, BRANCHES, MUD
- SMALL- SMALL POPULATION- ELEVATED PLACES- NO ORDER
AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOK FARMING SOCIETIES
THE NEOLITHIC
TOWNS
AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOK FARMING SOCIETIES
THE NEOLITHIC
NEW TECHNIQUES POLISHED STONE
SPEAR ARROWS, ARPOONS, KNIFES,NEEDLES,ETC.
AGRICULTURAL TOOLS.
FIRST PROFESSIONS
TEXTILES
BASKETMAKING
TRADE
POTTERY
MINING
THE NEOLITHIC
FIRST PROFESSIONSWORK SPECIALISATION: A FULL TIME ACTIVITY
THE NEOLITHIC
NEW TECHNIQUES
POTTERY:HANDMADE, DECORATED WITH DRAWINGS.MADE IN A OVEN.
THE NEOLITHIC
BELIEFSMEGALITHIC MONUMENTS
MEGA: BIGLÍTICO: STONE
MOTHER GODDESS WORSHIP(STATUE)
ANIMAL WHOSHIP(IDOLS)
THE NEOLITHIC
ACTIVIDADES: EL NEOLÍTICO10.- WHAT DOES “NEOLITHIC” MEAN? GIVE ITS CHRONOLOGY AND INDICATE WHICH ARE THE TWO MAIN CHANGES.
11.- EXPLAIN HOW AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING APPEARED.
12.- LOOK AT THE SLIDE “NEOLITHIC EXPANSION” AND INDICATE WHERE DID IT START ANDWHERE DID IT EXPANDED FIRST. FIND OUT WHAT CURRENT COUNTRIES IT STARTED
3.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (THERE IS JUST ONE RIGHT)1. Neolithic is characterised by:
a) A predatory economy b) An industrial economy c) A producer economy2. Neolithic houses are made of:
a) Adobe and stone b) Stone and concrete c) Stone and cement3. Agricultural activities were started by:
a) Homo Neanderthalensis b) Homo Sapiens c) Homo Erectus4. Neolithic brought changes in human lifestyles like:
a) Sedentarism b) Depredatory activities) Nomadic life5. The presence of funerary objects in neolithic burials indicates:
a) they were christian b) they believed in the afterlife c) they practiced canibalism6. Neolithic stone tools are made by:
a) Polishing the raw material b) There are no stone tools c) Sculpting the raw material
ACTIVIDADES: EL NEOLÍTICO14.- DRAW THE FOLLOWING MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS
DOLMEN/ ALIGNMENT / CROMLECH/ MENHIR
15.- INDICATE IF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ARE TRUE OR FALSE AND CORRECT THE FALSE ONESa) Pottery appeared during the Upper Paleolithic ( )b) Hunting and gathering are productive activities ( )c) Sedentary life started with appearance of the first Neolithic towns ( )d) First funerary rituals appeared in the Neolithic ( )e) A menhir is a standing stone used to mark territory ( )f) Work specialization starts during the Neolithic ( )g) Megalithic monuments were made by aliens ( )h) Textiles appeared during Neolithic ( )
16.- SOMETIMES WE USE THE EXPRESSION “NEOLITHICH REVOLUTION” TO SPEAK ABOUT THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD. EXPLAIN WHY WAS IT A REVOLUTION.
17.- IMAGINE THAT YOU ARE IN A TIME MACHINE AND YOU ARE NOW IN THE NEOLITHIC.EXPLAIN HOW IS YOUR LIFE, YOUR FAMILY’S LIFE AND FRIENDS IN THAT PERIOD.
THE METAL AGES
4.500 B.C.: Use of metals 3.000 B.C.: invention of writing
COPPER AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE
SOFT AND MALLEABLE METAL
CUPPER AND TINALLOY
MALLEABLE, HARDAND RESISTANT METAL
THE METAL AGES: METALWORKING
COPPER
ONLY FOR ADORNMENTS
BRONZE
WEAPONS ANDADORNMENTS
HITS AND FORGE(HEATING UP THE METAL)
SMELTING(SMELTING THE METAL)
THE METAL AGES: METALWORKING
HITS AND FORGE(HEATING UP THE METAL)
SMELTING(SMELTING THE METAL)
THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRYIRON
ALL TYPES OF TOOLS
TOWNS BECAME CITIES
WHERE DID THEY LIVE?
HOUSES FIRST CITIES
- ROUNDED, SQUARED OR RECTANGULAR
- ADOBE, STONE OR WOOD
- SEVERAL FLOORS- SOCIAL
DIFFERENCES
- BIGGER- MORE
INHABITANTS- ELEVATED AND
WALLED- CHECKERBOARD
DESING
THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRY
ECONOMY SOCIAL ORGANISATION
ECONOMIC ACT.- AGRICULTURE- LIVESTOCK FARMING- CRAFTMANSHIP- TRADE
INVENTIONS- WHEEL- SAIL (BOATS)- COINS
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES- PRIVILEGDED GROUPRUPO: KINGS, LEADERS,WARRIORS, PRIESTS.- NON PRIVILEGDED: REST OF THE PEOPLE
THE METAL AGES: IRON INDUSTRY
ACTIVITIES: THE METAL AGES18.- BUILD A TIMELINE ABOUT THE STAGES OF THE METAL AGES.
19.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE METAL AGES.
a) How was cupper, bronze and iron obtained?b) What techniques were used to mould the metals? Explain.c) What was the use of the different metals?d) What is the most abundant and resistant metal?
20.- FILL THE FOLLLOWING TABLE COMPARING HOUSES AND TOWNS IN THE NEOLITHIC ANDTHE METAL AGEs. NEOLÍTICO Y LA EDAD DE LOS METALESNEOLITHIC METAL AGES
HOUSES’S SHAPE
MATERIAL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOUSES
TOWNS PROTECTION
TOWN SIZE
POPULATION DENSITY
ORDER
ACTIVITIES: THE METAL AGES
21.- WHAT THREE INVENTIONS WERE VERY IMPORTANT DURING THE METAL AGES? WHY DIDTHOSE INVENTIONS APPEAR?
22.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS ABOUT THE METAL AGES:
1.-To know more about human being’s beliefs we study: a) Pottery remains b) Types of burials c) Types of houses2. During the Metal Ages trade relationships: a) Were based on coins b) Were based on bartering c) Did not exist3. Bronze is an alloy of: a) Copper and zinc b) Copper and aluminium c) Copper and tin4. At first, the metals: a) Were only used by powerful people b) To make agricultural tools c) Were used for making harnesses for animals5. The discovery of metalworking brought: a) The invention of pottery b) Egalitarian societies c) Warrior societies6. The discovery of ironworking a) Happened after the discovery of copper b) It allowed making diverse tools c) Was only used for making weapons