BAHRIA UNIVERSITY LAHORE CAMPUS (CIVIC CENTER JOHAR TOWN LAHORE)

GROUP:

FARAZ QURESHI AYESHA MAQSOOD SAFI-ULLA SHAHID

USMAN ISMAIL

AFNAN AMIR

CLASS:BS(CS)

1SUBJECT:

ISLAMIYAT

INCHARGE:MISS SAVERA

SABIR

TOPIC SENTENCE

A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs.

Most of the time, it is the 1st sentence of a paragraph.

IMPORTANCE OF TOPIC SENTENCE

Helps you stay focused on the topic of your paragraph Helps readers to know what your paragraph will be about State the topic Include or summarize ideas

PARTS OF TOPIC SENTENCE

Topic Controlling idea

e.g: A healthy diet (topic) includes fruits and vegetables. (Controlling idea) My favorite things to do at the beach (topic) are fishing and surfing.

(idea)

HINTS FOR GOOD TOPIC SENTENCE

State your main idea clearly. Draw the reader in. An effective way to do this is to drop them straight into the action. Describe a character. Use detail. Keep it short and sweet. Give a reasonable opinion. The body of your paragraph is meant to

prove your topic sentence. Don't mention something you don't intend on examining further.

EXAMPLES WITH STRONGEST TOPIC SENTENCE

Driving on the highway in heavy traffic is stressful for many motorists. Having a child taught me the importance of being patient. Food is an essential part of Italian culture.

PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is the basic unit of composition Consists of a group of related sentences that develop one main idea A group of sentences with one topic Consists of more than one sentence

INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE OF PARAGRAPH

First sentence should engages the reader. Think of your first sentence as a hook that draws your reader in.

E.g.: The pentagon has twice as many bathrooms as are necessary. The

famous government building was constructed in the 1940s……….. A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. Some people might find a deep and

mysterious meaning in this fact ……..

Paragraph Unity

Unity in a paragraph means that the entire paragraph should focus on one single idea.

Importance

writing flows smoothly and that readers do not become confused.

Each paragraph should focus on one main idea, with all of its sentences working to illustrate, clarify, explain, or support that main idea.

if more than one idea in a paragraph or an essay, but all are focused on one overall main idea

ExamplesParagraph with Unity.

"An attempt to address this issue by encouraging captive breeding programs has also met with difficulties. Firstly, despite modern technology and research, many species are still reluctant to breed in artificial surroundings. Secondly, captive populations are finite units, and careful management of breeding stock is necessary to prevent weakening the genetic base. This level of dedication and expertise, however, requires a great deal of money--something most of us cannot access and relevant institutions are reduced to begging for."

Paragraph Lacking Unity:

"Zombies are becoming an important part of popular culture, perhaps as a way of coping with some of the common fears in modern North American culture. Films like Shaun of the Dead and Fido blend comedy with aspects of horror and romance, but still focus on zombies. Simon Pegg has gone on to do other films and is a popular and talented comedic actor. Hollywood is taking advantage of resurgence of interest by remaking several old horror films as well. Television shows like “The Walking Dead” are popular with a wide demographic. Cable channels like AMC and HBO are making more and more quality television programs that deal with difficult and controversial topics in a way that is both entertaining and enlightening.”

Ideas are organized logically• general > particular

• statement > example

• problem > solution

• question> answer

• argument > counter-argument

Coherence means establishing a relationship between the ideas presented in a paragraph.

COHERENCE

Words and Phrases That Indicate Specific Relationships

additional idea - also, moreover, again, further, furthermore, in addition,                     likewise, too, first, initially, second, third, next, finally, last, another, other, then

Comparison - likewise, similarly, in a like manner, in comparison, so it is

contrast - however, nevertheless, still unlike, in contrast, conversely, on the                     contrary, on the other hand, whereas

cause-effect relationship - therefore, thus, hence, then, consequently,                     accordingly, in conclusion, as a result

example or specific meaning - for example, for instance, to illustrate, for                     one thing, frequently, in general, in particular, namely, usually, specifically

summary - to sum up, to summarize, in short, to conclude, in conclusion, on                     the whole, in brief.

1. it summarizes the piece of writing

2. it shows you proved the point you set out to make

 

3. it gives the reader a sense of completion

 

4. it leaves the reader remembering your main point

What does the conclusion do?

Explaining the significance or consequences of your findings

Your last sentence should be well-written:

End with a little bit of irony.

Make an appeal to emotions.

Don't lead the reader astray with new material