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Man’s Role in Climate Change:
A Student’s Understanding
Marty Cornell October 26,
2009
Does the Science Support Human-Induced Global
Warming?
Correlatio
n is
not causatio
n.
Correlatio
n is
not causatio
n.
“Few challenges facing America and the world are more urgent that combating climate change. The Science is Beyond dispute and the facts are clear.”
President-elect Barack Obama, November 19, 2008
Steven Chu, US Secretary of Energy, Nobel Prize Physics, 1997
“Science has unambiguously shown that we’re altering the destiny of our planet”
“The science is clear, we’re boiling our planet”
2009 speech at Tsinghua University, China
“With all due respect Mr. President, that is not true.”
+100 PhD Scientists in LA Times Ad, March 30, 2009
“…..The computer models forecasting rapid temperature change abjectly fail to explain recent climate behavior.”….
The Issue:
Climate Change
Global Warming
Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW)
Carbon-based (CAGW)
Proponents of CAGW (“alarmists”,
“environmentalists”)
Proponents of Natural Cycles (“skeptics”, “deniers”, “flat earthers”)
Earth has warmed 0.6OC last century
Earth has warmed 0.6OC last century
CO2 GHG driven, amplified by H2O
Solar Cycle driven, forcings to be determined
Driving to tipping point crisis of run-away heat
Current trend is minor and nothing unusual
Computer model projections
Empirical Data
Two Views on Global Warming
James E. Hansen, CAGW Proponent
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS)26 April 2007 testimony to the Select Committee of Energy Independence and Global Warming of the U. S. House of Representatives entitled "Dangerous Human-Made Interference with Climate"
Air temperatures of the last quarter-century have been unprecedented for at least the past two thousand years.
The atmosphere's current CO2 concentration is greater than it may have been for tens of millions of years.
The earth "is close to dangerous climate change, to tipping points of the system with the potential for irreversible deleterious effects."
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
What? Physical Science
Basis
So What? Impacts, Adaptation,
and Vulnerability
Now What? Mitigation
Summarizes the peer reviewed literature on climate every five years
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Summary for Policy Makers
Provide the science to support the need to control greenhouse gas levels.
Written by an assemblage of representative from governments and NGO’s, with only a small scientific representation.
ENSO = 0.002 OC/decade
Aerosols = -0.001 OC/decade
Solar = 0.007 OC/decade
People = ~ 0.06 OC/decade
“Natural changes cannot account for the significant long-term warming in the historical global surface
temperature anomalies.” Lean & Rind, 2008
People = ~ 0.06 OC/decade
ENSO = 0.002 OC/decade
Aerosols = -0.001 OC/decade
Solar = 0.007 OC/decade
“Natural changes cannot account for the significant long-term warming in the historical global surface
temperature anomalies.” Lean & Rind, 2008
People = ~ 0.06 OC/decade
ENSO = 0.002 OC/decade
Aerosols = -0.001 OC/decade
Solar = 0.007 OC/decade
“Natural changes cannot account for the significant long-term warming in the historical global surface
temperature anomalies.” Lean & Rind, 2008
ENSO = 0.002 OC/decade
Aerosols = -0.001 OC/decade
Solar = 0.007 OC/decade
People = ~ 0.06 OC/decade
“Natural changes cannot account for the significant long-term warming in the historical global surface
temperature anomalies.” Lean & Rind, 2008
“Natural changes cannot account for the significant long-term warming in the historical global surface
temperature anomalies.” Lean & Rind, 2008
ENSO = 0.002 OC/decade
Aerosols = -0.001 OC/decade
Solar = 0.007 OC/decade
People = ~ 0.06 OC/decade
The notion of a static, unchanging climate is foreign to the history of the earth or any other planet with a fluid envelope.
The fact that the developed world went into hysterics over changes in global mean temperature anomaly of a few tenths of a degree will astound future generations.
Such hysteria simply represents the scientific illiteracy of much of the public,
the susceptibility of the public to the substitution of repetition for truth,
and the exploitation of these weaknesses by politicians, environmental promoters, and, after 20 years of media drum beating, many others as well.
Richard S. Lindzen, CAGW SkepticAlfred P. Sloan Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, July 26, 2009
Global Warming Petition Project31,478 American scientists have signed this petition,
including 9,029 with PhDs
“The focus on just CO2 as the dominate human climate forcing is too narrow.
Natural variations are still quite important.
Human influence is significant, but it involves a diverse range of first-order climate forcings, including, but not limited to the human input of CO2. ”
Emission of aerosols into the atmosphere,
Land management and land cover change.
Roger A. Pielke, Both Natural and AGWSenior Research Scientist at CIRES, emeritus professor of the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, retired.
“Climate Money”, Joan Nova, via The Science and Public Policy Institute, July, 2009
$79 Billion so far
e.g. carbon sequestration
Cap & Trade Cost $1,761 per Household Source: US Treasury
What is Climate?
What causes climate change?
How do we measure climate change?
Is the current warming unusual?
How much of the current warming is due to man vs. nature?
What Does the Science Say?
Climate is what you expect.
Weather is what you get.
Brazoria County Airport
Weekly Mean Temperature, OF
Annual Precipitation,
Inches
Wind Speed, mph
What is Climate?
What causes climate change?
What Does the Science Say?
Changes in Solar Inputs
Changes in the Atmosphere: Composition, Circulation
Atmosphere
N2, O2, Ar,
H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, etc.
Aerosols
Changes in the Hydrological Cycle
Clouds
Atmosphere-Biosphere Interaction
Biosphere
Ice Sheet
Land-Atmosphere Interaction
Land Surface
Soil-Biosphere Interaction
Volcanic Activity
Glaciers
Changes in the Cryosphere: Snow, Frozen Ground, Sea Ice, Ice Sheets, Glaciers
Changes in/on the Land Surface:Orography, Land Use, Vegetation, Ecosystems
Human Influences
Changes in the Ocean: Circulation, Sea Level, Biogeochemistry
Hydrosphere: Rivers & Lakes
Ice-Ocean Coupling
Hydrosphere: Ocean
Atmosphere-Ice Interaction
Sea Ice
Heat Exchange
Wind Stress
Precipitation Evaporation Terrestrial
Radiation
Components of the Climate System
ERBEEarth Radiation Budget Experiment
3 satellites, 1st launched in 1984
Measure energy exchanges between sun, earth, & space
Albedo (reflectance)
OLR (outgoing longwave radiation)
Effect of clouds
Emission Spectra of the Sun and Earth
JunkScience.com, Updated August 2007
Incoming Solar
Radiation 342 Wm-2
Reflected Solar Radiation 107 Wm-2107
Outgoing Longwave Radiation 235 Wm-2
235
Emitted by Atmosphere
165
30
Reflected by Surface
Reflected by Clouds, Aerosol, and
Atmospheric Gases 77 Wm-2
77
168 Absorbed by Surface
390 Surface
Radiation
35040
40 Atmospheric Window
Emitted by clouds
30
67Absorbed by Atmosphere
Latent 78 Heat
78 Evapo-transpiration
24 Thermals
Greenhouse Gases
324 Back
Radiation
324 Absorbed by Surface
Without greenhouse gases, the earth would be 33 OC
(59.4 OF) cooler!
i.e. -18OC instead of +15OC
NASA CERES Satellite
33 Wm-2 Reflected by Clouds
235 Wm-2 Outgoing Longwave Radiation
TESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQTESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQ
The # 1 Green House Gas Is:
The # 2 Greenhouse Gas Is:
The # 3 Greenhouse Gas Is:
Water Vapor (60 - 95)%
(2 - 10)% Tropospheric Ozone (2 - 10)% Nitrous Oxide (0 - 10)% Stratospheric H2O
(5 - 25)% Halocarbons
(10 - 25)% Methane
(35 - 65)% Carbon Dioxide
Remaining Greenhouse Gases (5 - 40)%
(0.5 - 1.5)%
Global Greenhouse Effect
Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect
Contribution of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases to the Natural Greenhouse Effect
Contribution of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases to the Natural Greenhouse Effect
Hans Peter Lenz and Christian Cozzarini, Emissions and Air Quality, SAE, 1999
The primary source of CO2 emissions is……..
TESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQTESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQ
The primary source of CO2 emissions is:
“…..the transportation sector now accounts for about one third of all CO2
emissions in the US and road transportation is three quarters of that third.”
TESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQTESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQ
Malcom A. Weiss, John B. Heywood, Elizabeth M. Drake, Andreas Schafer, Felix F. AuYeung; ON THE ROAD IN 2020, A life cycle analysis of new automobile technologies, Energy Laboratory Report # MIT EL 00-003, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October, 2000
MIT got it WRONG!
“The United States and China emit 45% of the
world’s greenhouse
gases.”Press release prior to her Feb.,
2009 trip to China
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton
She got it WRONG!
Scatter Band of Global Annual Scatter Band of Global Annual COCO22 Emissions (ref. year = 1996) Emissions (ref. year = 1996)Scatter Band of Global Annual Scatter Band of Global Annual
COCO22 Emissions (ref. year = 1996) Emissions (ref. year = 1996)
Peter Lenz and Christian Cozzarini, “State of Worldwide Anthropogenic and NaturalEmissions Forecast of Traffic Emissions in Western Industrial Countries”, FISITA F98P008
Oceans 43%
Vegetation 28%
Soil 28%
Biomass Burning 1%
~36,000 Billion Tons Carbon in Oceans
Mauna Loa
0.038% (dry air)
The #1 source of man made CO2 is……
TESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQTESTING YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL IQ
Distribution of Worldwide Annual Distribution of Worldwide Annual Anthropogene COAnthropogene CO22-Emission-EmissionDistribution of Worldwide Annual Distribution of Worldwide Annual Anthropogene COAnthropogene CO22-Emission-Emission
32% Cars
33% Trucks
12% Other Traffic
6% Ocean Ships
17% Air Traffic
Private Home Heatingand Small Consumers
20%
Incineration of Biomass15%
Traffic17%
Power Stations28%
Industry20%
28 Gt/yr.
Background Forcings
Climate “Forcings” Change Energy Balance
The Sun
Clouds (type and amount)
Aerosols & Particulates
Albedo (reflectivity)
Land Use (vegetation, Urban Heat Island)
Green House Gas Concentration
Milankovitch Cycles Drive Ice Age Cycles
21,000 year cycle elliptical orbit combined with tilt (precession of the equinoxes)
41,000 year cycle of the +/- 1.5O wobble (tilt)
100,000 year cycle variation of the shape of earth’s elliptical orbit (cycle of eccentricity)
Eccentricity of Earth’s Orbit
National Academy of Sciences
Ice Volume
Planktonic Foram 18O as Proxy
1,000 of Years Ago
Del
18O
%More Ice
Less Ice
Polar Bear Sub-species
This map courtesy of Jonathan Adams
Note: Sea Level
incorrect.
This map courtesy of Jonathan Adams
The Holocene Optimum
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/media_461527006/ice_extent_during_the_last_ice_age.html
Oceans ~-120m = ~ -400 feet! During Last Glacial Maximum
~14mm/year
Image from GlobalWarmingArt.com
Image from GlobalWarmingArt.com
20.2 cm/122 years = ~0.17 cm/year
16.6 years
Data via Climate Audit from climate.nasa.gov/keyIndicators/
Sea Level Change 21Aug09
54 mm
Ice Volume
Planktonic Foram O-18 as Proxy
1,000 of Years Ago
Del
O-1
8 %
More Ice
Less Ice
“Eustatic sea level was higher than
present during this last interglacial by ~4 to ~6 meters”
IPCC 4TAR, Palaeoclimate, p 458
NASA & ESA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
SOHO
Spotless DaysCurrent Stretch: 75 days
2009 total: 217 daysSince 2004: 728 days
Typical Solar Min: 485 days
2009/09/23
Faculae
11 Year Cycle of Solar Variability +/- 0.1 Wm-2
Su
nsp
ot
Nu
mb
er
Su
nsp
ot
Nu
mb
er
X 1
00
50
150
100
Little Ice Age
~1.0 OC cooler ~ 50 sunspots over 30 year
period,
vs. 40,000 to 50,000
sunspots per 30 years in
modern times
Frozen Thames, 1677
Correlatio
n is
not causatio
n.
Solar Cycle & Sea Level (
via
Tid
e G
aug
es)
Recall the NASA current 3.3 mm/year rise rate since 1994
Sun SummaryThe Sun dominates Earth’s climate.
Earth’s orbit eccentricities cause major climate changes:
Ice Ages Interglacials,
~5.5 OC swings in temperature average,
Ice ages dominate (70% - 90% of 100,000 yr cycle).
Ice Ages decrease vegetation, increase deserts.
Sea levels have risen 120 m since the last glacial maximum.
Today’s temperatures are not unusual, having been equaled or exceeded at least 3 times since the last glacial maximum.
~11 year solar cycles strongly correlate with climate changes during interglacial periods.
Low sunspots ~ -1OC.
Modern sea level fluctuations highly correlate with solar cycle.
Solar +/- 0.1 Wm-2 not sufficient by itself to cause current warming; need amplifier,
forcing feedback.
Magnetic field of solar winds
Henrik Svensmark on
Global Warming, youtube.com
Affect cosmic rays reaching Earth’s atmosphere
+/- Low level clouds
High (6 km) Cirrus Clouds Warm Earth
Low Clouds Reflect Sunlight Cool Earth
Photo by Robert Campbell
Measuring Earth’s Albedo
Observed Earthshine
From satellite cloud data
From 20th century GHG Increase
Ca
libra
tio
n
Ba
nd
Strength of Solar Wind +/- Magnetic Field -/+ Cosmic Rays
Bow shock line
Magnetosphere
The Cosmos Cosmic Rays Create Seeds of Low-lying Clouds
Svensmark Hypothesis
Reflect 33 Wm-2
A more active Sun decreases the amounts of low-lying clouds, which means that it warms the Earth.
The Cosmos
Cos
mic
Ray
s
Creates Seeds of Low-lying Clouds
Svensmark Hypothesis
Cosm
ic Rays
Since 1987 Implies ~ -5% Cloud H2O
~ +1OC
The Solar – Climate Relationship
Lower Magnetic Field Strength
FewerSunspots
LessSolar Wind
More Galactic Cosmic Rays
More Low LevelCloud Formation
More Sunlight Reflected
Into Space
Earth BecomesCooler
Shaviv & Veizer,GSA Today, 2003
IcehouseGreenhouse
CO2 GCR
Million Years BP
Shaviv & Veizer,GSA Today, 2003
IcehouseGreenhouse
CO2 GCR
Million Years BP
El Capitan, Guadalupe Mountains
Coral reef formed ~260 million years ago….
…..when atmospheric CO2 was ~2000 ppm
Inquisition of Dr. Henrik Svensmark
Jasper Kirkby /CERNCERN Colloquium, 4 June 2009
Correlatio
n is
not causatio
n.
“When researchers observe natural changes in clouds and temperature, they have traditionally assumed that the temperature change caused the clouds to change, and not the other way around.
To the extent that the cloud changes actually cause temperature change, this can ultimately lead to overestimates of how sensitive Earth’s climate is to our greenhouse gas emissions.”
Cause? CLOUDS Result? and Temperature
Dr. Roy W. Spencer, University of Alabama in Huntsville,
Atmospheric Solar Heat Amplifier Meehl Hypothesis, Science, 28Aug09
Peak Solar Cycle+0.2 Wm-2 Irradiance
Higher UVRadiation
More Ozone inStratosphere
HigherEvaporation
Less Low LevelCloud Formation
+0.1 OC SST= > 0.5 Wm-2
WarmerStratosphere
(Varies byLatitude)
Observed
Model: no Stratosphere
Ozone Chemistry
Model: no Air-Sea
interaction
Coupled Model
Se
a S
urf
ace
Tem
per
atu
re
Pre
cip
ita
tio
n
Model with no Ozone Chemistry
Model: no Air-Sea
interaction
Coupled Model
Observations
Photo by Andrei Aiordachioaie
Cloud Summary
High level clouds trap heat.
Low level clouds mostly reflect heat
Net effect is ~ 33 Wm-2
Sun GCR hypothesis + or – cloud seeding
-5% Cloud H2O ~ +1OC
Albedo fluctuation correlated with last two solar cycles.
Meehl hypothesis: peak solar more ozone and more evaporation (less clouds) ~ +0.1 OC SST.
Global Mean Radiative Forcings in 2005Adapted from IPCC 2007: WG1-AR4, page 32
Cloud Albedo
0-2 +2+1-1
Wm-2
Solar Aerosols
Sarychev Peak Eruption 12Jun09, from International Space Station
Atmospheric Aerosols & Particulates
Net Cooling of -0.5 Wm-2 (IPCC 4TR)
@ 1 Wm-2 0.22 OC,
this ~ -0.11 OC
Sahara Sand Storm over Atlantic
Station Fire, Los Angeles, 30Aug09
Contrails
Ship Tracks off North America
Black Carbon
Absorbs solar radiation
Decreases albedo
IPCC 4TAR: Aerosol cooling -0.5 Wm-2
Myhre 2009 “Black Carbon more significant than stated by IPCC, net aerosol cooling reduced to -0.3 Wm-2
Aerosol SummaryParticles Multi-Task to Change Climate:
Volcanic plumes (sulfates) cool.
Dust storms & fires reflect, thus cool.
Jet Contrails = high clouds, thus warm.
Ship tracks (sulfates, low clouds) cool.
Black carbon decreases albedo, thus warm.
IPCC net effect -0.5 Wm-2 (i.e. cooling)
Increase in Black Carbon decreases cooling to -0.3 Wm-2
This means IPCC impact of CO2 is overstated by 0.2 Wm-2 ~ 0.04 OC.
Global Mean Radiative Forcings in 2005Adapted from IPCC 2007: WG1-AR4, page 32
Direct Aerosol
Cloud Albedo
Linear Contrails
0-2 +2+1-1
Wm-2
No volcanic aerosol effect is included by
IPCC
Aerosols Oscillations
“Oscillations”“Oscillations”
Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere, John Christy UAH
Recall 20th Century net warming of 0.6 OC
SFWS The 4 seasons Annually 2.3 OC global temp. swing
ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation
3 to 7 years +/- 0.4OC globally
PDO Pacific Decadal Oscillation
20 to 30 years?
?? 1976-77 shift +0.2OC
AMO Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation
60 to 80 years
~+/- 0.5OC in north Atlantic
J DNOSAJJMAMF
Month
Tem
per
atu
re, O
C
16
11
12
13
14
15
Global Mean Surface Temperature (1961 – 1990) National Climate Data Center
3.8 OC
Global Mean 2.3 OC swing
NH 9.76 OC swing
SH 4.8 OC swing
ENSO “Normal” a.k.a La NinaENSO “Normal” a.k.a La Nina
ENSO El NinoENSO El Nino
SST and water temperature profile, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, January 1997
NASA GISSThermocline, 20OC
30OC
8OC
La Nina
SST and water temperature profile, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, November 1997
NASA GISS
Transition
SST and water temperature profile, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, March 1998
NASA GISS
El Nino
Note
El Nino
La Nina
La Nina
Nothing unique about super El Nino of 1998
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
Typical wintertime Sea Surface Temperature (colors),
Sea Level Pressure (contours) and surface wind stress (arrows) anomaly patterns during warm and cool phases of PDO
Warm Phase Cool Phase
Abrupt PDO Phase Shift
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Aug to Oct: 1948 to 2003: Surface SST
North Atlantic
Global
“Probably more than half of all satellite- derived "global warming trends" are directly
attributable to the 66 year AMO cycle.”
Northern Hemisphere Heating Faster Than Southern Hemisphere
Correlatio
n is
not causatio
n.