A. From the tribute system to modern diplomacy 1. The Tribute-Trade System 2. The Canton Trade System3. The changing image of China in the WestB. The Opium Wars1.Between economics and politics: the sources of the Opium Wars2. From one war to the next: The era of unequal treatiesC. Treaty ports1. Treaty ports, extraterritoriality and settlements2. Shanghai: Winner of the Opium Wars ?

China’s tributary countries under the Qing

Annam (annually, every three years on average)[2]

Burma (17 times, most of them in the 19th century)Dzungars (1681, 1685, 1735, 1738, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1752, and 1753)Great Britain (1793, no tribute presented in 1795, 1805, and 1816)Khanate of Kokand (between 1774–1798)Kirgiz (1757 and 1758)Korea (three or four times a year; 435 embassies, 1637-1881Laos (17 times)Netherlands (1663(?), 1667, 1686, and 1795).Nepal (1732(?), 1792, 1794, 1795, 1823, 1842, and 1865)Portugal (1670, 1678, 1752, and 1753)Ryukyu (every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875)Siam (48 times, most of them after 1780)Sikkim (since 1791 )Sulu (1726, 1733, 1743, 1747, 1752, 1753, and 1754)Turpan (1673 and 1686)

Canton (Guangzhou)

Les factories

Les factories à Canton (Guangzhou)

A drawing depicts British Consul at Canton Harry Parkes with Co-Hong merchants in 1857.

A British 19th-century view of the Opium war

Importation d’opium en Chine

Unité: chest (1 chest=approx. 150 lbs.)