2. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 3. Formal Informal Non-formal Education
Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 4. Formal education refers to learning
through a programme of instruction in an educational institution,
adult training centre or in the workplace. This type education is
generally recognized in a qualification or a certificate. Friday,
October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 5. Non-formal education refers to learning
through a programme but it is not usually evaluated (no exams
needed) and does not lead to certification. Friday, October 04,
2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english [email protected] 6.
Informal education refers to learning that results from activities
related to daily life experiences, work, family, or leisure.
Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 7. Vocabulary: Collocations When two words
are used together regularly and make a sense it is called a
collocation. Collocations always appear in the same order; putting
them the other way around seems wrong. Here are some examples: With
free access to internet, more people will benefit from the
advantages of the World Wide Web. Amazigh people have a huge
cultural background that passes from one generation to another.
Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 8. Communication: making and responding to
requests When people want someone to do something, they use a
request. To make a request is to ask for something in a polite way.
For this reason, some expressions are always used to make the
request more appropriate. Check these examples: Friday, October 04,
2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english [email protected] 9.
Making a request Can you help me, please? Could you say it again
more slowly? Would you pass the salt please? ( would you + verb
infinitive form without to) Would you mind waiting a moment? (
would you mind + gerund form verb + ing) Can I see you in my
office, Bob? Please, would you open your suitcase, Madam? Friday,
October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 10. Responding to a request People respond to
a request in many different ways. Here are some examples: Yes, sir!
yes of course Sure that will be fine I will see what I can do I am
afraid I cant "Please" is often used with requests or instructions
to make them more polite. "Please" comes at the beginning or end of
a sentence. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of
english [email protected] 11. GRAMMAR: gerund or infinitive
Gerund form is : verb + ing e.g.: speaking Infinitive form is: to +
verb e.g.: to speak Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH -
teacher of english [email protected] 12. Gerund / Infinitive
Verbs normally followed by GERUND Verbs normally followed by
INFINITIVE Acknowledge - admit - adore - appreciate - avoid -
confess - deny - detest - discuss - dislike - enjoy - finish
imagine - involve - keep - miss - mind - quit - regret - suggest -
understand ( ) Afford - agree - ask - choose - come - decide -
deserve - expect - fail - hope - learn - manage - plan - pretend -
promise - refuse - want ( ) The table below contains some of the
verbs that are usually followed by one of the forms: gerund or
infinitive. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of
english [email protected] 13. Here are some examples: Verb +
gerund I adore reading English fiction books. My father quit
smoking long ago. He suggested visiting the historical monuments of
the city first. Verb + infinitive I cant afford to buy a car. My
teacher agreed to postpone the final exam till next week We should
learn to express ourselves. The students managed to solve the
problem. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of
english [email protected] 14. Gerund AND Infinitive( Both) Some
verbs, however, can be followed by both infinitive or gerund
without any change in meaning. Example: He began to lean English
when he was fourteen years old. He began learning English when he
was fourteen years old. I hate to leave early. I hate leaving
early. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 15. Gerund after prepositions and expressions
The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition as
well as some expressions such as: against/at/after/by/on/tired
of/without/keen on/would you mind/. Here are some examples: I am
against smoking in public places. I went home after leaving the
party. That girl is good at speaking languages. I am tired of
hearing excuses every time. You cant go to France without having a
visa. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 16. Writing: cohesive devices: linking words
Some words and phrases help to develop ideas and relate them to one
another. These kinds of words and phrases are often called linking
words. They help to give a kind of coherence and logical
relationship to what we write. Linking words are of different
kinds: Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
[email protected] 17. On the other hand; while; whereas;
however, nonetheless, nevertheless These expressions relate two
ideas which contrast but do not contradict each other. Examples:
Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer
cricket. Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we
still need to wait. Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the
health; Nonetheless, 40% of the population smokes. Our teacher
promised to take us on a field trip; However, he changed his mind
last week. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of
english [email protected] 18. moreover, furthermore, in
addition, both . And, .. too/as well, also, We use these
expressions to add information to what has been said. Examples: His
problems with his parents are extremely frustrating. Moreover,
there seems to be no easy solution to them. Our energy bills have
been increasing steadily. In addition to these costs, our telephone
costs have doubled over the past six months. Friday, October 04,
2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english [email protected] 19.
therefore, as a result, consequently / , because, due to, since
These expressions show the cause/effect relationship between two
sentences where one is the cause and the other is an effect.
Examples: He reduced the amount of time studying for his final
exams; As a result, his marks were rather low. Weve lost over 3,000
customers over the past six months; Consequently, we have been
forced to cut back our advertising budget. A number of programs
have been cancelled because the government has drastically reduced
its spending. Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of
english [email protected]
