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Oscar González García

Unit 2 The bourgeois revolutions

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Oscar González García

Mis presentaciones tienen tan solo una finalidad didáctica y sin ánimo de lucro,

estando disponibles en Internet para todo aquel que las encuentre útiles. Salvo en

casos excepcionales, no cito las fuentes escritas ni audiovisuales que utilizo por

razones de economía de espacio y tiempo; de igual forma, no requiero que se cite

lo que yo elaboro.

Sin embargo, si algún autor reconoce sus textos o imágenes en mis trabajos y

considera que debe ser citado, no tiene más que ponerse en contacto conmigo e

incluiré su nombre donde sea necesario.

Gracias y disfruten de la Historia…

Prof. Oscar González García – IES Ornia (La Bañeza) 2017/2018

What are we going to study?ORDEN EDU 362/2015 de 4 de mayo – currículo ESO CyL

CRITERIOS DE EVALUACIÓN

1. Identificar los principaleshechos de las revolucionesburguesas en Estados Unidos,Francia y España eIberoamérica.

2. Comprender el alcance y laslimitaciones de los procesosrevolucionarios del siglo XVIII.

ESTÁNDARES DE APRENDIZAJE EVALUABLES

1.1. Redacta una narrativa sintética conlos principales hechos de alguna de lasrevoluciones burguesas del siglo XVIII,acudiendo a explicaciones causales,sopesando los pros y los contras.2.1. Discute las implicaciones de laviolencia con diversos tipos de fuentes.4.1. Sopesa las razones de losrevolucionarios para actuar como lohicieron.4.2. Reconoce, mediante el análisis defuentes de diversa época, el valor de lasmismas no sólo como información, sinotambién como evidencia para loshistoriadores.

Bloque 2. La Era de las Revoluciones liberales

1. Bourgeois revolutions

Normally, the word “revolution” is understood as a radical and often violentchange to a country´s political, economic or social system.

The bourgeois revolutions enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political power anda social status which had only been available to the nobility under the AncienRégime.

These revolutions took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Theprocess begun by two revolutions: The American and the French.

2. The American Revolution(1775-1783)

In the American War of Independence, GreatBritain fought against its 13 colonies locatedon the Atlantic Coast of North America but…

Could you explain whatis a colony???

Why those NorthAmerican territorieswere British colonies??Visit the web and complete de Quiz

2. 1. The causes of the warBetween 1756 and 1763 (Seven YearsWar or French and Indian War), GreatBritain fought against France forcontrol of the territory that todayforms part of Canada. Despite theBritish victory, the economical costswere huge; so that, George IIIincreased several taxes on thecolonies.

The people refused to pay these taxesand there were various protests, suchas the 1773 Boston Tea Party, in whicha group of colonists threw a cargo oftea into the sea in Boston.

In response, the British governmentsent troops to the city and close theport. This event marked the beginningof the conflict.

But, in fact, the American War of Independence was caused by a combination offactors:

• Ideological factors: the colonists were familiar with the Enlightenment thinkingabout liberty and equality. These ideas became the basis for the independencemovement.

• Political factors: the British Parliament made decisions about taxes and otherissues related to the colonies. However, Great Britain refused to allow the coloniesto be represented in Parliament.

• Economic and social factors: by this time there was a wealthy colonialbourgeoisie who wanted the freedom to trade without the interference of GreatBritain.

CLICK ON THIS LINK TO WATCH A RESUME

2. 2. The War of Independence and its consequences

The war began when some of the colonies decided to fight for independence and, in1775, they created their own army, which was led by George Washington.

During the first part of the conflict, Great Britain had military successes, but thecolonies started politically significant actions: they joined a Continental Congressthat proclaimed the Declaration of Independence on 4th July 1776.

Finally, the support of France andSpain, led the colonialists to thevictory.

Great Britain recognised Americanindependence in 1783 Treaty ofVersailles.

George Washington

In 1787, the United States adopted a Constitution that included these principles:

• Type of government: federal republic1.

• Popular sovereignty: this was expressed through male suffrage. However, onlywhite men with a certain amount of property could vote.

• Separation of powers: the president was the executive branch, Congress was thelegislative branch and the Supreme Court was the judicial branch.

• Rights: citizens were free and equal before the law. Despite this, slavery continuedto be legal.

The American Revolution had important consequences. The United States became asymbol for the struggle for liberty and equality in other countries. It also showed thatit was possible to put Enlightenment ideas into practice.

3. The French Revolution

3.1 THE CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

The French Revolution was a period of violent political and socialchange, which saw the abolition of absolute monarchy and the end ofthe estates system of Ancien Régime (closed society).

It was caused due to a combination of related factors:

• The influence of the Enlightenment: Rousseau (Du Contrat Social),Voltaire (Lettres Philosophiques) and Montesquieu (De l’Espirit desLoix).

• French intellectuals and bourgeoisie supported Enlightenment ideasand tried to put them into practice. For example, they demanded thatall French subjects be free and equal under the law. That was notcompatible with the French absolute monarchy…

IDEAS

ECONOMIC CRISIS

0 The French state was bankrupt (without money and unable to pay debts).

0 Causes: 0 participation in military conflicts, such as the American War of

independence.

0 The royal family spent large amounts of money on palaces, luxury goods and extravagant parties.

Poor harvests after 1770 led to an increase in the price of grain. The populationsuffered from hunger while the Royal Family lived a luxurious life…

Louis XVI and thepalace of Versailles

POLITICAL CRISIS

In order to improve the finances, Louis XVI´s ministers suggested that theprivileged estates should pay taxes. They refused and demanded the king to callthe Estates General, the only body that could approve new taxes…

By the late 18th century, all three estates of realm were discontented with the crown, but for different reasons.

• THE CLERGY (FIRST STATE) AND THE NOBILITY (SECOND ESTATE)

Both estates wanted to protect their traditional economic privileges. They refused to pay taxes that the king’s ministers were demanding.

SOCIAL CRISIS

• THE MIDDLE CLASS AND THE PEASANTRY(THIRD STATE)

THE MIDDLE CLASS

The upper middle class, or bourgeoisie,wanted to abolish the absolute monarchybecause it didn’t allow them to participate ingovernment.

The lower middle class or petite bourgeoisie,was suffering from economic difficulties causedby wars, higher taxes and increased competitionfrom British products (Great Britain was goingthrough the Industrial Revolution (1750)=cheaper prices)

THE PEASANTRY

They also suffered economic problems caused by wars, taxes and poor harvest.

They also had to pay higher rent to the clergy and nobility.

As a result:

• The middle class and peasantry were angered by the luxurious lifestyle of the royal family and court.

• They rejected the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobility.

The National Assambly

The decisions at the Estates General wereused to be adopted through a votingsystem in which each estate vote as ablock; one estate = one vote.

The Third Estate asked for a new system inwhich each representative would voteindividually. When the king refused, theThird Estate declared that, as the truerepresentative of the nation, it was forminga National Assembly; they decided to meetat a tennis court nearby and declared thatthey would not leave the place until Francehad a Constitution.

That episode is known as The Tennis CourtOath.

The Constituent Assembly(1789-1791)

The King had finally to agree with the Third Estate´s demands, and a ConstituentAssembly was formed to write a Constitution.

The triumph for the bourgeoisie was complete and the monarchy was no longerabsolute.

News that troops were being sent toVersailles led to a riot in Paris on 14 July1789, in which people attacked the famousBastille prison.

The revolt spread around the country andthe peasants attacked the homes of thenobility.

In order to satisfy the people, the Assemblyabolished feudal privileges and the tithes.They also established equality in thepayment of taxes.

The storming of the Bastille

Louis Tries to Escape

• The National Assembly restructuredthe relationship between church andstate, so that, the clergy and thenobility started to emigrate to otherEuropean Countries and began acampaign to defeat the revolution.

• Even, in June 1791, the royal familytried to escape from France to theAustrian Netherlands. As theyneared the border, however, theywere apprehended and returned toParis under guard. Louis’sattempted escape increased theinfluence of his radical enemies inthe government and sealed hisfate.

In September 1791, the National Assembly completedthe new constitution, which Louis reluctantly approved.

French Constitution

1791

A constitutional

monarchy

Separationof powers

Limitedmale

suffrage

Popular sovereignty

Answer these question: Why do you think suffragewas restricted by gender and property?

The Legislative Assembly(1791-1792)

0 After the Constitution had been adopted, a new Legislative Assembly was elected to implement the legal changes.

Politicalgroups

Girondins Jacobins

Believed in the revolution butrepresented the interests of thewealthy bourgeoisie.

Moderate political ideas.

Liberal economic policies thathelped the middle class.

Limited suffrage.

GIRONDINS

JACOBINSBelieved in the revolution, but theirideas were more radical.

Abolition of the monarchy and put theking on trial.

They wanted to introduce universal manhood suffrage.

Control price rises to help workers.

They gained support of the Parisinianlabourers known as «san´s-cullotes»

European powers, such as Austria and Prussia, feared the possible expansion of therevolution beyond France, and they supported the counterrevolutionaries. Inresponse, France declared war on these countries in 1792.

France´s defeats at the hands of the European armies and Louis XVI´s reluctance toaccept the revolutionary changes caused unrest among the population. In August1792, the people of Paris revolted and attacked the Tuileries Palace. As a result ofthis event, Louis XVI was imprisoned, the monarchy was abolished and Francebecame a republic.

The Convention(1792-1793)

Execution of Louis XVI. 21 January 1793

«The end, not of a man, but of an institution»

A new assembly was elected with universal manhood suffrage; The NationalConvention met for the first time on September 20th 1792 and assumed all thepowers of the Republic.

This was the most radical phase of the revolution.

In 1793 the Convention agreed to executeLouis XVI for treason and he was beheadedby guillotine. The jacobins, led byRobespierre, took control of the governmentand imposed a dictatorship know as TheTerror.

Members of the nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie,peasantry and urban population wereexecuted by guillotine. About 42000 peoplewere sentenced to death.

In order to avenge the death of Luis XVI andto avoid the Revolution from spreading inEurope, several countries formed a coalitionand declared war on France.

The Convention formed a popularrevolutionary army to fight against France´sEuropean enemies.

Other important measure was to adopt thenew Constitution or 1793, in which universalmanhood suffrage was established.

27 July 1794 there was a Coup-

d´Etat.

When Robespierre was removed

from power, he was also

executed by guillotine in the

Place de la Révolution.

The Directory and the Consulate(1795-1799)

The moderate deputies redacted a new Constitution in 1795 that re-establishedlimited suffrage and introduced a new form of organisation called the Directory.Five members or directors shared the executive power.

The power and influence of the army increased as a result of the continuingforeign war, and of the threat that the radical revolutionaries might return topower.

Within that context, General Napoleon Bonaparte became very famous andprestigious and, in 1799, organised a military coup to take the power.

He established a new form of government called the Consulate, made up of threeconsuls, including himself as First Consul. In 1804, Napoleon declared himselfEmperor of France with absolute power; the French Revolution had ended…

4. From the Revolution to theEmpire

Napoleon´s main political achievements were:

• His domestic policy consolidated the changes made during the revolution with theestablishment of the Civil Code, a set of laws that applied equally to all citizens.

• His foreign policy made France an empire as a result of his victories over Austria,Russia and Prussia.

Great Britain was the only country that Napoleon never defeated, despite deContinental Blockade he set up. No country allied with or occupied by France wasallowed to import British goods.

Napoleon spread the revolutionary principles of liberty and equality across Europe.He also brought about the introduction of new constitutions that ended absolutemonarchies in many European countries.

THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

• From 1812 onwards, hispower began to declinebecause he had to divide hisforces between two verydistant fronts:• Spain (West)• The Russian Empire(East)

• Napoleon abdicated in1814 and went into exile onthe island of Elba.

• Napoleon went back to

power during a period of

one hundred days, but he

was definetly defeated in

Waterloo (1815).

5. THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

• The most important consequence is the crisis and disintegration of the Ancien Régime.

POLITICAL CHANGES

New forms of government

Constitutionalmonarchies

Republics

New constitutionsbased on:

Popular sovereignty

Separation of powers

New constitutionsestablished:

Limited malesuffrage

Civil rights

Emergence of political groups

Because of elections

ECONOMIC CHANGES

End of the economicprivileges

All the citizens now hadto pay tax and

contritute to the state´sexpenses.

Included thenobility and

clergy.

Property rights

Guaranteed bynew laws.

Free trade

Guaranteed bynew laws.

It benefitedmiddle-classmerchants.

Society in the Ancien Régime

Society afterthe French Revolution

5. THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE REVOLUTION

In 1793 Spain joined the firstcoalition against France as a resultof Louis XVI´s execution. Francedefeated the coalition and Spainhad to sing a Treaty of Peace thatwas followed by the Treaties ofSan Ildefonso (1796 and 1800), inwhich Spain promised to helpFrance in the future war againstGreat Britain. However, in 1805the French and Spanish fleets weredefeated by the British at theBattle of Trafalgar, that marked theend of Spanish naval power…

In Spain, Carlos IV´s reign began in 1788. It coincided with the French Revolutionand the Napoleonic Empire.

Carlos IV and his family (Goya)

In 1807, Napoleon achieved the Spanishpermission to cross the country in order toinvade Portugal, an ally of Great Britain. Buthis intention was to occupy Spain too…

The Royal Family tried to escape fromMadrid which caused a popular revolt inMarch 1808 known as the Revolt ofAranjuez. Carlos IV was forced to abdicate infavour of his son, Fernando VII.

Finally both, the father and the son moved toBayonne to meet Napoleon. There theyrenounced their rights to the Spanish thronein favour of Napoleon, who made his brother,Joseph Bonaparte, king.

The French monarch imposed a Constitutionin Spain which included enlightened reformssuch as the equality of all citizens before lawand in the payment of taxes. Spanishpopulation rejected those measures…

Joseph I Bonaparte

Goya´s Disasters of War

GlossaryRevolution: radical and often violent change to a country´s political, economic orsocial system.

Colony: A country or area under the full or partial political control of anothercountry and occupied by settlers from that country.

Federal republic: political system consisting of various states with political andlegislative autonomy. At a national level they share the same president,constitution, foreign policy and army.

Constitution: basic law which defines the rights and liberties of the citizens of aspecific country, and the powers and institutions of its government.

Feudal Privileges: privileges enjoyed by the nobility in their fiefdoms, such as theright to demand payment from the peasants for their lands, the use of the mill,hunting and fishing.

HISTORICAL NEWSPAPERAs the last time, I recommend you some topics for the newspaper project but,remember, if you want to work about another subject, just ask me! Choose one ofthem!!

• Boston Tea Party.

• USA´s declaration of independence.

• France: 14th July 1789.

• Louis XVI lost his head.

• Napoleon became emperor of France.

• Spaniards defeated French at Baylen.