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4th ESO: Plate Tectonics
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Unit 1 PLATE TECTONICS
Index
1 The Internal Structure of the Earth 2 The Movement of Continents 3 The theory of Plate Tectonics 4 The ocean 5 The Mechanisms behind Plate Tectonics
11 Earth internal layers
Types of classification
Compositional layers (depending on the composition)
bullCRUST
bullOceanic (10 km basalt denser)
bullContinental (70 km Si less dense)
bullMANTLE peridotite
bullCORE Fe + Ni
Physical layers (depending on the physical state)
bull LITHOSPHERE rigid
bull LOW VELOCITY ZONE (in the past ASTHENOSPHERE) ductile and partially molten
bull LOWER MANTLE or MESOSPHERE solid
bullCORE
bullOuter molten
bull Inner solid
Low velocity zone
Page 9 In pairs analyse the graph and explain your answer
Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depht The melting point increases
(the temperature is below the melting point It does not reach the melting point
As long as the temperature (green line) is below the melting point (red line) SOLID
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Index
1 The Internal Structure of the Earth 2 The Movement of Continents 3 The theory of Plate Tectonics 4 The ocean 5 The Mechanisms behind Plate Tectonics
11 Earth internal layers
Types of classification
Compositional layers (depending on the composition)
bullCRUST
bullOceanic (10 km basalt denser)
bullContinental (70 km Si less dense)
bullMANTLE peridotite
bullCORE Fe + Ni
Physical layers (depending on the physical state)
bull LITHOSPHERE rigid
bull LOW VELOCITY ZONE (in the past ASTHENOSPHERE) ductile and partially molten
bull LOWER MANTLE or MESOSPHERE solid
bullCORE
bullOuter molten
bull Inner solid
Low velocity zone
Page 9 In pairs analyse the graph and explain your answer
Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depht The melting point increases
(the temperature is below the melting point It does not reach the melting point
As long as the temperature (green line) is below the melting point (red line) SOLID
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
11 Earth internal layers
Types of classification
Compositional layers (depending on the composition)
bullCRUST
bullOceanic (10 km basalt denser)
bullContinental (70 km Si less dense)
bullMANTLE peridotite
bullCORE Fe + Ni
Physical layers (depending on the physical state)
bull LITHOSPHERE rigid
bull LOW VELOCITY ZONE (in the past ASTHENOSPHERE) ductile and partially molten
bull LOWER MANTLE or MESOSPHERE solid
bullCORE
bullOuter molten
bull Inner solid
Low velocity zone
Page 9 In pairs analyse the graph and explain your answer
Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depht The melting point increases
(the temperature is below the melting point It does not reach the melting point
As long as the temperature (green line) is below the melting point (red line) SOLID
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Low velocity zone
Page 9 In pairs analyse the graph and explain your answer
Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depht The melting point increases
(the temperature is below the melting point It does not reach the melting point
As long as the temperature (green line) is below the melting point (red line) SOLID
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Page 9 In pairs analyse the graph and explain your answer
Temperature increases with depth Pressure increases with depht The melting point increases
(the temperature is below the melting point It does not reach the melting point
As long as the temperature (green line) is below the melting point (red line) SOLID
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
12 Seismic discontinuities
Methods for studying the
interior of the Earth
drilling meteorites study of seismic
waves
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Kola Peninsula Hole Control Centre
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Types of seismic waves P Primary waves
bullThe fastest
bull through SOLIDS and LIQUIDS
S Secondary waves
bullSlower
bullOnly through SOLIDS
R and L
bull On the surface
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
SEISMOGRAPH (sismoacutemetro o sismoacutegrafo) = device used for detecting and recording seismic waves It draws a seismogram (sismograma)
seismograph seismogram
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Seismic Network Operations in Toledo (Spain)
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Imagine you are a scientific and obtain this graph How would you interpret the behaviour of the seismic waves
Primary wave
= Secondary wave
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
The speed of waves changes very obviously in specific places
SEISMIC DISCONTINUITY = boundary between different internal layers where there is A change in the speed of the internal seismic waves Mohorovicic discontinuity between the crust and the mantle
CONTINENTS 30-40 Km depth OCEANS 10 km depth
Gutenberg discontinuity between the mantle and the core 2900 km depth Why do S-waves dissapear here Because they cannot travel through LIQUIDS
Lehman discontinuity between outer and inner core
The speed of P-waves increases after Lehman discontinuity becausehellip
The inner core is SOLID
Activities 1 2 and 3 page 11
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener) (teoriacutea de la deriva continental)
Alfred Wegener
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
200 million years ago all the continents were joined together as one called PANGEA Continents have separated sliding over a continous layer
Theory of continental drift (1912 Wegener)
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
ldquo650millionYearsIn80secondsrdquo video httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=VrBPB1dHYawampfeature=related
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Evidence of the theory of
Continental Drift
Paleolithic evidence identical fossils in continents
far apart
Biological evidence identical
or similar living beings in continents
far apart
Geological evidence continents fit together along their coastlines and have similar rocks
Paleoclimatic evidence glaciar
rests appear in places where now
the climate is warmer
Paleolithic evidence
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Rhea (South America)
Ostrich (Africa)
Emu (Australia)
Biological evidence
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Geological evidence
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Paleoclimatic evidence
Activities 7 and 8 page 11
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
31 Seismic and volcanic belts
Earthquakes and volcanoes are located in narrow bands called seismic belts They coincide with the plate boundaries
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
32 Lithospheric plates
Lithospheric or tectonic plates are fragments of the lithosphere
Types
Oceanic Nazca Plate
Continental Arabian Plate
Mixed African Plate
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
33 Types of plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries (constructive) New ocean lithosphere is created
Pillow lavas
httpwwwjuntadeandaluciaesaverroesmanualestectonica_animadatect_swf_files01[1]swf
Volcanoes + earthquakes
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Convergent boundaries (destructive)
A) Two OCEANIC PLATES collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
One of the plates slides down the other (subduction) forming an oceanic trench and an arch of volcanic islands
Example Japan
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Mariana Islands and Mariana Trench
The Pacific Plate subducts forming the Mariana Islands and Philippines
Japan
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
B) One CONTINENTAL and one OCEANIC PLATE collide
Volcanoes + earthquakes
The oceanic plate which is denser subducts under the continental plate forming an oceanic trench and a mountain range
Example Andes
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
B) TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES collide
Earthquakes
None of the plates subducts A mountain range is formed
Ex Himalayas Pirenees
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Transform boundaries (passive)
Two plates slide horizontally against each other These fractures
are called transform faults (fallas transformantes)
Earthquakes
Example San Andreas Fault in California
Pacific Plate Northamerican Plate
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=OjMhUGsF_Nw
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
BENIOFF ZONE = area of seismic activity in a subducting plate
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Complete
Type of boundary
Type of movement
Ocean floor Landform produced
Activity produced
Divergent Separation Creates Oceanic ridges Earthquakes and volcanoes
Convergent Collision Destroys Trenches island archs volcanic mountains
Earthquakes and volcanoes (except continental collision)
Transform Lateral None transform faults
ONLY earthquakes
Activity 5 page 22
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
The lithosphere is divided into blocks called plates
Most of the internal geological activity happens at their boundaries
Ocean floor is
generated along the ridges new oceans are created
destroyed by subduction in the trenches mountain ranges are lifted up
Activities 13 16 page 17
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
41 The ocean floor
Landforms
Mid-ocean ridge volcanic mountain range under water
Trenches narrow deep channels They appear as a consequence of
subduction
Rift = central channel
Faults = perpendicular fractures which cross the ridge
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Composition of the ocean floor
Volcanic rocks (basalt) covered in marine sediment No older than 180 million years
(submerged)
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
age age
basalt
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
42 Sea floor spreading
Magma rises up from the mantle at the oceanic ridges
This magma pushes out the older lava
deposits
We can find symmetrical bands
of ocean floor (different ages)
parallel to the axis of the ridge
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
The ocean floor spreads and
extends
oceanic lithosphere is formed at the
ridges
oceanic lithosphere is destroyed at the
trenches
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
51 Wilson cycle
A Rift Valley Stage
Magma rises up through fractures making lithosphere thinner and lower
(Drawing 1 and 2 book)
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
B Red Sea Stage
Deep lakes are formed at the bottom of the valley which spreads and spreads
(Drawing 3 book)
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
C Atlantic Ocean Stage
New oceanic lithosphere is being produced aund the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
(Drawing 4 book)
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
D Pacific Ocean Stage
Oceanic lithosphere becomes older and denser Subduction zones appear where lithosphere is destroyed The Pacific Ocean is getting smaller
(Drawing 5 and 6 book)
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
E Indian Continent Stage
The ocean closes as the continents converge Marine sediments are trapped and continental masses join together A mountain range is formed
(Drawing 7 and 8 book)
Activities 20 21 23 and 24 page 21
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
52 How plates move
Convection currents inside the mantle` push the plates Hot currents not only rise up through the ridge but also through hot spots (puntos calientes) Gravity pulls down on both sides of the lithosphere
The sinking plate pulls down (slab pull)
Slab pull force occurs when a denser oceanic plate is forced beneath a less dense continental plate or oceanic plate in a process called subduction
httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=8LBjaoQe3EE Wilson Cycle video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Hot spots
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
Read page 20 53
Development of basic competences 1 2 3 and 4
seismic discontinuity continental drift seismic belt hypocentre seismograph
Review Continental Drift Video
