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TYNESIDE ENGLISH Aislinn Lefevre, Danny Norton, Joseph Butler & Thomas Sloman

Varieties presentation final draft

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Page 1: Varieties presentation final draft

TYNESIDE ENGLISHAislinn Lefevre, Danny Norton, Joseph Butler & Thomas Sloman

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Newcastle Upon Tyne

NorthTynesid

e

SouthTynesid

eGateshead

River Tyne

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SPEAKING GEORDIEYoutube

Kick Off

it’s me baby cousin

HappY Tensing

/dɪzɑːstɛ/

BairnChampio

n

CrackNaebody

They says

Thirty year ago

Divv’nt

http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/

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When germanic tribes settled in England from C5 AD, and Northumberland was established in 653 and the Danelaw was established in 876 separating Anglo Saxon Northumberland from areas of Danes, this meant that a relatively pure form of germanic / scandinavian language is preserved only in Northumberland. This is still evident in the unique local dialects in Tyneside today.The Norman Conquest was not so influential due to the geographic isolation of the North East therefore Northumberland remained English territory.Scottish language contact has had a significant impact on the tyneside language.

THE HISTORY OF TYNESIDE

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Running from Newcastle Upon Tyne across to the east Hadrian’s Wall is an interesting historical factor in the history of the Tyneside variety.

The wall was built to protect the roman empire but also to keep the Scots out, they spoke a celtic variety of the english language and so imagine what life would be like without the wall!

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Observed from the data between the use of lad/ lass and the synonyms boy/ girl

 AND whether this variation correlates in any way with age; gender and/ or social class

The final RQ was to try to assess whether Glauser’s prediction that lass would be lost before lad is correct.

Methods Used

Beal and Elizondo gathered data on the North-eastern dialect from other sources such as Milroy et al. (2007)

They then adapted this further by comparing the data from Milroy et al. with social factors to see if there was a correlation between these social factors and the use of lad and lass.

Plus they used SRN’s.

Conclusion

Use of lad declining,slightly, however, lass is declining more so.

However! Lass going through a semantic shift in the North east to mean ‘sexual partner.’

Joan Beal and Lourdes Burbano-Elizondo (2012). ‘All the Lads and Lasses’: lexical variation in Tyne and Wear. English Today, 28, pp 10-22

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Joan Beal and Lourdes Burbano-Elizondo (2012). ‘All the Lads and Lasses’: lexical variation in Tyne and Wear. English Today, 28, pp 10-22

Use of lad/boy and lass/girl according to age and gender

RESULTS

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Watt’s Research covered:

Variants of the ‘Face’ and ‘Goat’ vowels and which members of the Newcastle public used which variant

Split into 3 types of variants:

●  Type 1: Supralocal

●  Type 2: Local

●  Type 3: National

Watt measured these variants in a sociolinguistic manner. E.g. He split the participants into: class, age and gender.

Watt, D. (2002), ‘I don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6: 44–63.

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RESULTSWatt, D. (2002), ‘I don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6: 44–63.

FACEFACEWORKING WORKING

CLASS OLDER CLASS OLDER MENMEN

MIDDLE MIDDLE CLASS OLDER CLASS OLDER

MENMEN

WORKING WORKING CLASS YOUNGER CLASS YOUNGER

MENMEN

VARIVARIANTANT [ɪə] [e:] [e:]

%% 63.2% 78.3% 61.5%

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DID YOU KNOW?

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WHERE DOES THE TERM GEORDIE COME FROM?

1745

1815

1826

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WHO DOES THE TERM ‘GEORDIE’ APPLY TO?

Originally, it would appear that the name applied only to miners Keelmen or inhabitants of Newcastle . Later it became applied to members of the Tyneside Community at large. Nowadays, it would seem that anyone in Northumberland, Co. Durham or Tyne and Wear can call themselves “Geordie".

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HOW HAS TYNESIDE ENGLISH INFLUENCED POPULAR CULTURE?

• Certain words from Tyneside English have been utilised in popular culture

• ‘Pet’ the quintessential Geordie address to females was popularised by the character of Terry Collier in the television series The Likely Lads and the programme title Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.

• Although the use of dialect vocabulary in popular culture does not reflect society completely it is still interesting to analyse as the way a dialect is used in the media affects public perceptions of the dialect. In addition, it is incredibly difficult to record dialect vocabulary naturally.

• The fact so many local words are still used demonstrates a wealth of local vocabulary is still used spontaneously by Geordies.

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WHAT AFFECT DID HISTORICAL INVASIONS HAVE ON TYNESIDE ENGLISH?

• Subsequent invasions left the North East increasingly linguistically isolated from developments elsewhere in Northumbria. The Vikings, for instance, settled mainly south of the River Tees and therefore had a lasting impact on the development of dialects in Yorkshire, but not further north.

• Later still, the counties of Durham and Northumberland do not feature in the Domesday Book in 1086 as both counties resisted Norman control for some time longer. Meanwhile the border skirmishes that broke out sporadically during the Middle Ages meant the River Tweed established itself as a significant northern barrier against Scottish influence.

• As a result, the North East has always maintained a strong sense of cultural identity and resisted the centralising tendencies of both Edinburgh and London. Many contemporary Geordie dialect words, such as gan (‘go’ – modern German gehen) can still trace their roots right back to the Angles

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HOW HAVE RECENT SOCIAL DIFFERENCES AFFECTED THE LEVEL OF SPOKEN TYNESIDE ENGLISH?

• The main reason for the loss of old words is that Geordies aren't geographically isolated any more.

• There's also been a greater influx of outsiders into the region.In the past the North East was a much more insular place to live and work.Old tight-knit communities such as small mining towns and villages based on coal and lead mines have largely died out.As a result the dialect words associated with those industries have also been fading away

• Traditionally one of the reasons that the Geordie accent was preserved was the North East's isolation from London and surrounding areas.

• But even modern day communications, the coming of television and radio, and educationalists' railings against dialect in the classroom have not totally diminished its power

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CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH INTO THE NORTH- EAST DIALECT

THE LOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR CURRENT STUDIES INTO THIS VARIETY

Further research and the resources used in these studies

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CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH

Most of the current research into the Tyneside dialect is centred on levelling and diffusion of the variety

Levelling:

Researchers have approached this by looking at the differences between classes

One study of note was into monophthongisation of FACE

Working Class Older Men - [ɪə] - 63.2%

Middle Class Older Men - [e:] - 78.3%

Working Class Younger Men - [e:] - 61.5% -Watt (2000)

‘People in Newcastle are aware of “old” and “modern”’ -Kerswell (2003)

• ‘Considerable amount of levelling’ -Watt (2002)

‘The extent of homogenisation within the region is currently being assessed systematically through the on going study by Llamas et al.’ -Beal (2010) ‘Recent studies which have compared the speech of young with that of older speakers in order infer change in progress’ -Beal (2010)

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CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH

Diffusion:

•This has been studied by carrying out research into variation between older and younger speakers of the dialect

•An example would be recent studies focusing on TH-fronting in Tyneside English in which there is a distinction between older and younger speakers of the North-East dialect

•/θ/ and /ð/ >>> /f/ and /v/ respectively

•TH-fronting is listed as feature of the Cockney dialect -Wells (1997)

•‘The recent rapid diffusion of the form appears to be from the south of England northwards’ -Beal (2012)

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RESOURCES FOR FURTHER RESEARCHNECTE:

It is a collaboration of two corpora: A survey carried out in the 1960s and the TLS

It is made up of a collection of digitized audio, orthographic transcriptions and phonetic transcription

Used multiple times in research in recent years:

Punctual Never - Cheshire et al. (1993) ‘He never dropped like a set... against anybody’ (NECTE)

• Auxiliary contraction - Tagliamonte & Smith. (2002) ‘The teacher’ll not tell them’ (NECTE)

NECTE similarly acts as comparable reference to investigate the progression and change in the North-East dialect variety.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Robinson, J. (2002) Sounds Familiar?. <http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html> [10.03.14]

Simpson, D. (2009) England’s North East. <http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html> [10.03.14]

Watt, D. (2002) ‘I don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6, 44–63

Beal, JC & Burbano-Elizondo, L (2012) ‘All the Lads and Lasses’: lexical variation in Tyne and Wear. English Today, 28, 10-22Rowe, C. (2007) “He divn’t gan tiv a college ti di that, man!”: A study of do (and to). Tyneside English Language sciences, 29(2), 360-371Local, JK, Kelly, J and Wells, WHG. (1986) Towards a phonology of conversation: turn-taking in Tyneside English. Journal of Linguistics, 22, 411-437 Llamas, C. (2007) “A place between places”: Language and identities in a border town. Language in Society, 36, 579-604.

Beal, JC. (2010) An introduction to regional Englishes: dialect variation in England. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressBeal, JC. (2012) Urban North-Eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University PressWells, J. (1998) What is Estuary English?. English Teaching Professional, 3, 46-47Tagliamonte, S & Smith, J. (2002) Either it isn’t or it’s not: negative auxiliary contractions in British dialects. English World Wide, 23(2), 251-281

Kerswill, P. (2003) Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In Britain, D & Cheshire, J. (ed) Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

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Any Questions?