By:Novita Ristianti

VIETNAM

FORM OF GOVERNMENT

ECONOMICS SYSTEM

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Socialist Republic or Vietnam

• law-governed state.

The political system was established upon the birth of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam and comprises the following:The Communist Party of Viet Nam is the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class, the working people, and the whole nation; a loyal representative of the interests of the working class, the working people, and the whole nation.

People in the Political System

• As the maker of history, the people constitute the decisive force in the process of social evolution and make up the current political system in Viet Nam. All powers belong to the people and their powers are exercised through the State. The State regulates the society by laws under the leadership of the Communist Party of Viet Nam.

• The State of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is the central organization and the pillar of the political system that realizes the will and power of the people, acts on behalf of the people and is accountable to the people for the management of all activities of the social life and in domestic and external affairs.

The National Assembly

• Is the highest-level representative body of the people;

• the highest organ of state power of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam;

• the National Assembly exercises three main functions: to legislate, to decide on important national issues, to exercise supreme supervision over all activities of the State

The State President

• is the Head of State, elected by the National Assembly from among its deputies to represent the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam in domestic and foreign affairs.

• The President has twelve powers as provided by the Constitution, of which the most important are to declare the promulgation of the Constitution, laws and ordinances, to head the all people’s armed forces and assume the Chairmanship of the National Defence and Security Council, to recommend to the National Assembly the election, removal or dismissal of the Vice President, the Prime Minister, Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court, and Head of the People's Procuracy.

The Government

• Is the highest body of State administration of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

• has the same term of office as the National Assembly.

• The Government administers the implementation of the State’s affairs in the fields of politics, economics, culture, society, national defense and security and foreign relations; ensures the efficiency of the State apparatus from central to grassroots levels; assures that the Constitution and laws are respected and executed; and guarantees the sustainability and improvement of the people’s material and spiritual life.

The Goverment

• The Government consists of Prime Minister, who is a National Assembly deputy as provided by the Constitution, Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and other members.People's Courts: The Supreme People's Court, local People's Courts, Military Tribunals and the other tribunals established by law are the judicial organs of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Under special circumstances, the National Assembly may decide to set up a Special Tribunal. During trials, the Jury is equal to and independent from judges and shall only obey the law. Trials are held publicly except in cases stipulated by laws. Judgments of the People's Courts are made collectively and decided by majority.

The Supreme People’s Court

• is the highest judicial organ of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

• It supervises and directs the judicial work of local People's Courts, Military Tribunals, Special Tribunals and other tribunals, unless otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly at the establishment of such Tribunals.People's Procuracies: The Supreme People's Procuracy oversees the enforcement of the law by Ministries, Ministerial–level organs, other Government agencies, local administration, economic entities, mass organizations, people's military organs and citizens. It exercises the right to prosecution, ensures serious and uniform implementation of the law. Local People's Procuracy and Military Procuracy oversee the execution of the law and exercise the right to prosecution as stipulated by the law.

People’s Procuracies

• The Supreme People's Procuracy oversees the enforcement of the law by Ministries, Ministerial–level organs, other Government agencies, local administration, economic entities, mass organizations, people's military organs and citizens. It exercises the right to prosecution, ensures serious and uniform implementation of the law. Local People's Procuracy and Military Procuracy oversee the execution of the law and exercise the right to prosecution as stipulated by the law.

Social-Political Organizations and People’s Association

• These are organizations representing the interests of different social communities participating into the political system with their own principles, purposes, and features. There are currently major social-political organizations in Viet Nam such as the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, Vietnamese Trade Union, Vietnamese Women’s Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, and Veterans Association and other professional organizations.

Economic System

• Vietnam is a densely-populated developing country that has been transitioning from the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy since 1986.

• Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic modernization in recent years.

• Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization in January 2007,

• Vietnam became an official negotiating partner in the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement in 2010.

• Agriculture's share of economic output has continued to shrink from about 25% in 2000 to less than 20% in 2013, while industry's share increased from 36% to more than 42% in the same period. State-owned enterprises account for about 40% of GDP. Poverty has declined significantly, and Vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one million people every year. The global recession hurt Vietnam's export-oriented economy, with GDP in 2013 growing at 5%, the slowest rate of growth since 1999. In 2013, however, exports increased by more than 12%, year-on-year; several administrative actions brought the trade deficit back into balance. Between 2008 and 2011, Vietnam's managed currency, the dong, was devalued in excess of 20%, but its value

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Strong historical kingdom connections to China as well as India.

• Northern Vietnam was ruled by China for more than a thousand years, between the second century B.C.E. and the tenth century C.E.

• Ethnic Vietnamese have been both attracted to Chinese ideas and, at times, anxious to resist Chinese political rule for their own people.

• The Chinese-influenced northern kingdoms emerged around the fertile Red River Delta, where the national capital of Hanoi is today.

• These kingdoms often rebelled against Chinese rule, and they eventually became stronger militarily than southern Hindu kingdoms ruled by Chams, who are linguistically related to Malays.

• The Chams built the Indianized Champa kingdom roughly contemporaneous with Angkor although today they are a small ethnic minority within Vietnam with a significant Muslim population.

• In the mid 17th century. The French sent Catholic missionaries to the Vietnam region. When many of them were killed by Vietnamese emperors in the 1800s, the French government used their repression as a pretext for invasion and colonial conquest.

• Saigon was seized by the French navy in 1859. During the following decades, the French repelled the Chinese, who also considered Vietnam as theirs, and expanded French territorial control over what are now the nations of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. They set their capital of Saigon in Vietnam’s second fertile river delta region, the Mekong.

In 1930

• Some Vietnamese Communists today point to early anti-French communist groups that emerged in North Vietnam, but no serious nationalist or communist movements emerged before World War II.

• The Japanese invaded French Indochina in 1940 and, as everywhere, they claimed the slogan “Asia for Asians.” This revolutionary idea took hold throughout Southeast Asia where local people were astounded to find out that their large and populous territories had been controlled by Europeans (with guns) from relatively tiny and distant countries.

In 1941

• the Vietminh organization was set up as the League for the Independence of Vietnam. A banished scholar of European Marxist ideas named Ho Chi Minh returned from exile to join the Vietminh and free Vietnam from imperialist European control. The Vietminh quickly seized the north and central regions of Vietnam from postwar Chinese control, while the French re-assumed control only of the south from British forces. The “first Vietnam war” between the French-controlled south and the Communist-led north began in December 1946. In 1954 the French withdrew, leaving Vietnam an indepedent but divided nation. The United States sent troops to fight the Communists throughout the 1960s, bombing also in neighboring Cambodia.

In 1954

• the French withdrew, leaving Vietnam an indepedent but divided nation. The United States sent troops to fight the Communists throughout the 1960s, bombing also in neighboring Cambodia.

In 1975

• The United States ended its part in the Vietnam War.

• Saigon quickly fell to the Communists who united North and South Vietnam. During the same year, the Communist Khmer Rouge seized control of Cambodia and ruled brutally until they were displaced by Vietnamese troops in late 1978.

In 1986

• as the Cold War was ending, Vietnam began a series of market and social reforms, working to normalize its relations with the United States and open the country for tourism, which developed in the 1990s. Cambodia also aims to expand tourism to its sites at Angkor although devastation from its 1970s civil wars have left the country in a poorer condition than Vietnam.

Vietnam: A timeline• First millennium BCE

Viet people in north form agricultural and bronze-working kingdoms at Dongson in Red River Valley.

• 208 BCE

Trieu Da, a Chinese general conquers Viet king Au Lac. He builds a capital and makes himself emperor of the southern land, “Nam Viet,” which includes part of present northern Vietnam and China.

• 111 BCE

Han Chinese emperor Wu conquers Viet people, beginning nearly 1,000 years of Chinese rule in the north. What is now southern Vietnam was occupied by Hindu Cham kingdoms, related linguistically to Malays.

• 40 CE

Two Trung sisters lead rebellion against Chinese. After regaining rule, China calls the area “Annam,” the pacified south. Capital moved near to present capital Hanoi.

• 939 CE

Chinese overthrown and Viet kingdom re-established; now called Dai Viet (Great Viet) under Emperor Dinh Bo Linh.

• 1000s–1600s

Confucian and Mahayana Buddhist Viets begin long period of expansion south into Hindu Cham territories.

• 1200s

Mongols invade but are repelled by Dai Viet and Champa.

• 1428–1789

Le Dynasty in power.

• 1471

Dai Viet conquers Champa, annexes most of its territory.

• 1500s

Intermittent civil wars.

• 1600

Dai Viet reaches Mekong Delta.

• 1613

Civil war between northern and southern Dai Viet.

• 1627

Alexandre de Rhodes, a French missionary, adapts Roman alphabet to transcribe Vietnamese language.

• 1600s

Last of Champa territory conquered by Nguyen clan of Dai Viet.

• 1802

Nguyen Dynasty established by Emperor Gia Long, capital moved to Hué. Country now known as Vietnam.

• 1800s

Viets take over Mekong Delta from Khmers.

• 1850

Viet rulers persecute Catholics and priests, inciting French military intervention.

• 1859

France captures Saigon, extends control to Laos and Cambodia, forming French Indochina.

• 1880

France divides up Vietnam into three regions: Tonkin, Annam, Cochin China. French use water management to open new agricultural land in Mekong Delta.

• 1919

Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh) emerges in Paris at end of World War I and tries to petition President Woodrow Wilson for self-determination of Vietnam.

• 1920s

Widespread adoption of Roman alphabet transcription of Vietnamese to replace Chinese characters.

• 1925

New religion of Cao Dai founded in southern region.

• 1927–30

Two communist parties founded in north to resist French rule, but heavily repressed.

• 1940

World War II begins. Japan invades Vietnam.

• 1941–1944

Viet Minh pro-Independence league organized by Ho Chi Minh (returning from exile) and Vo Nguyen Giap.

• 1945

Japanese surrender. Ho Chi Minh declares independence and unification of French colonial provinces as Vietnam.

• 1946

Nationalist Chinese, French, and Viet Minh compete for control over Viet territory. Negotiations fail and French forces bombard the Viet Minh at Hanoi’s harbor.

• 1946–1954

French-Viet Minh war (also known as First Vietnam War). China and the USSR support Ho Chi Minh; United States supports France as a way to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

• 1954

French defeat at Dien Bien Phu leads to Geneva negotiations. Geneva Agreements divide Vietnam at 17th parallel, with national elections to be held in two years.

• 1955–56

Ngo Dinh Diem returns from exile in America and deposes former emperor BaoDai after a rigged referendum; declares himself President of (South) Vietnam. Diem refuses to hold national elections. Gains support from United States, which begins sending military advisors.

• 1960

National Liberation Front, or Viet Cong, formed as an anti-Diem and anti-United States force in the South.

• 1963

United States supports military coup against the unpopular President Diem; His death results in a succession of leadership changes in the South.

• 1964

North Vietnamese patrol boat attacks a United States destroyer in Gulf of Tonkin. United States President Lyndon Johnson given war powers.

• 1965

United States combat troops arrive in Vietnam, beginning (Second) Vietnam War. General Nguyen Van Thieu assumes control of the South.

• 1968

Tet Offensive launched by Ho Chi Minh and Viet Cong in South. Counter-offensive by United States results in massacre at My Lai.

• 1969

Richard Nixon assumes presidency in United States and begins “Vietnamization” policy (removing United States ground troops in exchange for increased funding of South Vietnamese) and secret bombing of Viet Cong inside Cambodian borders. Ho Chi Minh dies.

• 1973

Paris Peace Agreements negotiated by Nixon and Kissinger. United States withdraws troops rapidly following Agreement, but war continues unabated in the South.

• 1974

Nixon resigns after Watergate scandal; President Gerald Ford reluctant to sustain aid to South Vietnamese forces.

• 1975

Communists take Saigon. Last remaining United States citizens evacuated. Vietnam unified under Communist rule. Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

• 1978

Vietnam invades Cambodia and usurps rule from Khmer Rouge. Tensions with China, which supported Khmer Rouge, increase.

• 1986

Vietnam commits to “doi moi” (renovation), a program of social and market reforms.

• 1995

Diplomatic relations normalized between United States and Vietnam.

Terima Kasih