Prepared by:Madam Ng Pei FernEducation Department

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Outline:

Erik Erikson’s Theory Concept of psychosocial theory Erikson’s eight stages of human

development Self concept

Definition of self concept Types of self concept Promoting self concept among

children in classroom

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Tutorial Presentation Topic Describe one stage of Erikson’s

Theory particular to primary school students and issues that teacher may encounter at this stage

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Group Discussion

During adolescence, students may experience a crisis in personal identity. Discuss strategies a teacher can use to help students deal with identity problems.

Discuss how a teacher can help students to develop positive self-concept

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Why do we study the socioemotional development of a child? It influences both children’s

motivation and learning in school. Teachers who understand these

areas of development are able to promote learning & help students to grow into satisfied adults and capable citizens.

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Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

This theory emphasized the importance of social relationship with individuals in the child environment.

According to Erikson, psychosocial development emphasized the emergence of self, the search for identity, individual’s relationships with others, and the role of culture throughout ones life.

There are 8 stages of psychosocial development over the lifespan. These stages are interdependent.

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Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Each stage focuses on one issue or crisis that is especially important at that particular time of life.How the person resolves these issues is reflected in his or her personality and social relationship.If an issue is resolved positively, this will be reflected in positive characteristics, such as trust, autonomy, initiative & industry.If not, the person will be psychologically troubled & cope less effectively with subsequent crises.The way in which the individual resolves each crisis will affect the person’s self image and views of the society.

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8 stages of Erikson’s Theory1. Trust Vs Mistrust (Birth to 18 moths)2. Autonomy Vs Shame/doubt (1 ½ months

to 3 years)3. Initiative Vs guilt (3-6 years)4. Industry Vs Inferiority (6-12 years)5. Identity Vs Role Confusion (12-18 years)6. Intimacy Vs Isolation (18-35 years)7. Generativity Vs Stagnation (35-65 years)8. Integrity Vs Despair (65 years above)

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Trust Vs Mistrust (Birth – 18 months)

Demonstration Game

Watch this Video and reflect

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Trust Vs Mistrust

During this stage, a baby learns whether people are dependable or not, depending on whether or not the baby gets his or her needs met.

If the needs of the baby are not met, then mistrust develops, and that carries on through the rest of the seven stages.

The virtue that one should gain in stage one is hope/faith.

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Implication

When facing the children who have profound mistrust issues, teachers should set and constantly enforce safety routine rules in the classroom

Teachers are genuinely concerned with their best interest & classroom is safe and filled with love.

These children can be paired with a peer through buddy system with whom they can develop trusting relationship

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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

At this stage, a child is becoming an individual. He is toilet training and building his muscles to walk. He is learning the control that he has.

If he does not get the support he needs from the people around him, then he will start feeling some shame and doubt.

It is important to let him experiment with his control, but be there to support him.

The virtue he walks out of this stage with is willpower and determination.

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Implication

Give opportunities & supports for the children to try new skills.

Provide opportunities for children to practice being autonomous

Do not humiliate or punish the children physically or verbally that would lead to feeling of shame or doubt

Set up simple rules & routines that are easily understood and encourage self-discipline.

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Initiative vs. Guilt

A child in this stage is a lot more active. She plays a lot, and likes to explore. She will start developing a conscience, and an understanding between right and wrong.

Support is a key issue in this stage as well. Without support, a sense of guilt can develop and follow through the rest of the stages until the conflict is dealt with.

A sense of purpose is the virtue she will gain when things go well in stage three.

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Implication:

Praise children for their initiative in trying new skills.

Follow developmentally appropriate practice.

Give the children plenty of opportunities to try new skills through play.

Encourage children to ask questions. Provide positive feedbacks Make sure the children have a chance to

experience success Be tolerant of mistakes, especially when

they are attempting to do something on their own.

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Industry vs. Inferiority

A child needs to feel a sense of achievement in the work he does, which makes school so important in these early years.

If this crisis of needing to find a sense of achievement fails, then he may be left feeling inferior.

The virtue he aims to achieve is competency. This, too, will carry through the rest of the stages.

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Implication Provide the children with the academic

tasks that are challenging yet within their ability

Congratulate & recognize their efforts even if they are small one. Teachers providing both verbal & written feedback can accomplish this.

Give children opportunities to share their new skill or expertise with other children.

Encourage children to set reasonable goals.

Recognise the different talents & gifts in the children

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Identity vs. Role confusion

An adolescent is trying to figure out who she is and where she belongs in the world. She will begin to experiment with different aspects of her personality, and break away from her parents.

The experimentation is important. The more she experiments, the more she will learn about herself.

If the crisis is not met positively, and she does not gain a strong sense of self, she will experience some identity confusion and negative identity issues. These issues will carry on through the rest of her stages.

During this stage, she will learn the virtue of loyalty.

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Implication

Provide opportunities for adolescents to explore their own ability & to try various activities according to their interest

Promote awareness of a variety of career opportunities that are suitable with their interest & capabilities

Invite personalities to talk about different professions

Provide opportunities for adolescents to work together in a project & share the same interest

Emphasise communication & listening skills

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Intimacy Vs. Isolation

This is the time frame when most people get married.

The major crisis is the development of a true & intimate relationship through marriage & starting their own family.

If his crisis goes unresolved, he may end up isolating himself & tend to avoid relationship with others.

The virtue one learns in stage six is love.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation A person in stage seven works

toward generating work and supporting the next generation.

Individuals who fail will experience stagnation & become overly self occupied.

The virtue one learns in stage six is caring.

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Ego-Integrity vs. Despair

In this stage, one should begin feeling fulfilled with the life he has lead. He may review his lives with a sense of satisfaction & acceptance.

On the flipside, he can become bitter and, if he is closer to the despair side of the spectrum, may view their lives as unsuccessful & meaningless.

The virtue one gains in stage eight is wisdom (approach death without fear).

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Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas

Stage One: Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth-1): Children are completely dependent on others Trust: Established when babies given adequate

warmth, touching, love, and physical care Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable

care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents

Stage Two: Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (1-3) Autonomy: Doing things for themselves Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause

children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions

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Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas (cont.)

Stage Three: Initiative Versus Guilt (3-5) Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving children

freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions

Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a child’s questions

Stage Four: Industry Versus Inferiority (6-12) Industry: Occurs when child is praised for

productive activities Inferiority: Occurs if child’s efforts are regarded

as messy or inadequatengpeifern/jip/ipti

Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas (cont.)

Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity Versus Role Confusion Identity: For adolescents; problems

answering, “Who am I?” Role Confusion: Occurs when adolescents are

unsure of where they are going and who they are

Stage Six (Young adulthood): Intimacy Versus Isolation Intimacy: Ability to care about others and to

share experiences with them Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life

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Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas (cont.) Stage Seven (Middle adulthood): Generativity

Versus Stagnation Generativity: Interest in guiding the next

generation Stagnation: When one is only concerned with

one’s own needs and comforts Stage Eight (Late adulthood): Integrity Versus

Despair Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people

have lived richly and responsibly Despair: Occurs when previous life events are

viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse.

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What is self concept?

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Self Concept: Definition

“The composite of ideas, feeling, and attitudes people have about themselves”

(Hilgard, Atkinson & Atkinson, 1979)

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How do you see yourself? How do you feel about yourself?

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How do you see yourself?How do you feel about yourself?

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Self concept

An individual’s self-concept keeps changing as he tries to achieve what he wants

The development of self concept depends on acceptance & treatment from family, society & environment.

It also depends on1. Love & support from their environment2. Capability & ability3. Family & the society acceptance of them

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Self concept Vs Self esteem Self-concept: Picture or perception of

ourselves

Self Esteem: Feelings we have about ourselves

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Self-Esteem…What’s it made of? Your self-esteem is

made up of all the experiences and interpersonal relationships you’ve had in your life. Everyone you’ve ever met has added to or taken away from how you see yourself!

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Rosenberg self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965)

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Self-Esteem Development Across the Lifespan (Source: Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005).

Young children: high self esteem due to unrealistically positive self views

Older children: declining self esteem due to external feedback

Adolescence: declining self esteem due to abstract thinking about body image & future

Adulthood: increasing self esteem due to increased position of power & status; peak late 60s

Old Age: decline in self esteem due to changing roles, relationships & physical functioning; decline in narcissism & feel modest, humble, & balanced

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Types of Self-Concept

Positive Self-conceptWhere the individual is well adjusted

personally & sociallyNegative Self-conceptWhere the individual has difficulty in

accepting themselves and often make poor personal & social adjustments.

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Types of Self-Concept

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How is self-concept built & destroyed

Build

Find a good role model

Praise & compliments

Focus on the positive

Keep criticism to a minimum

Set & achieve goals

Destroy

Comparing yourself to others

Putting yourself down

Drug abuse

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Tips for building Self Esteem1. Identify with people, books, videos,

television shows, etc., that build your self-esteem

2. Build others – give sincere compliments often

3. Think positively4. Set and achieve goals5. Do something challenging each day6. Look your best7. Eat correctly8. Do something for someone else9. Learn a new skill10. “Act as if” you possess traits you would

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Tips for building Self Esteem11. Observe self-concept people12. Handle things one at a time13. Use criticism constructively14. Ask for help – take advantage of learning

opportunities15. Improve your personal living space16. Allow personal growth time each day17. Post self-improvement reminders in

obvious places18. Do not say negative things about

yourself19. Reward yourself often20. List your accomplishments each evening 21. Volunteer to share your skills with othersngpeifern/jip/ipti

Ways a Teacher can Help to form Positive Self-concept1. Accept student as they are2. Communicate a norm that all students are

valuable3. Communicate the idea that there are many

valuable skills in everybody4. Avoid setting up negative competition among

students5. Assignments to ability grouping students

should be done flexibly6. Never tell a student that he of she is “dumb”

& avoid implying this by word or action7. Avoid unnecessary distinctions among

students

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Ways a Teacher can Help to form Positive Self-concept

8. Avoid unnecessary distinctions among students9. Recognize progress rather than level of ability10.Value all kinds of skill11.Focus praise and evaluation on effort, not ability12.Give your student a chance to express their

feelings13.Provide opportunities for classroom interactions14.Be sure that rules are explicit and firmly

established15.Provide opportunities for each student to

experience success

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