A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH, RICE HUSK ASH & STONE DUS

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 3, May–June 2016, pp. 163–172, Article ID: IJCIET_07_03_016

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH

SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH, RICE HUSK

ASH & STONE DUST

K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila, P Sasidhar

Department of Civil Engineering

Nova College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from

manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc.

As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major

environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the

environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost,

waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive

alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount

production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining

new solutions for a sustainable development.

Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material

throughout the world. Significant research has been going-on in various parts

of the world on the subject. Some waste materials and by-products have

established their credentials in their usage in cement-based materials and for

others research is in progress for exploring the potential applications. This

waste, utilization would not only be economical, but may also result in foreign

exchange earnings and environmental pollution control. Industrial wastes,

such fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement

replacement materials. Currently, there has been an attempt to utilize some

amount of bagasse ash, rice husk ash and stone dust.

Cite this Article: K Sampath Kumar, U M Praveen, A Prathyusha, V Akhila,

P Sasidhar, A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust, International Journal

of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp. 163–172.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL

In civil engineering, theoretical knowledge is an application for practical knowledge

which is quite different in any field. In civil engineering aspects now-a-days the

construction of buildings, industries, residential complexes etc. are more essential.

These are included with high expensive of cost, to built up. For that, the no. of

techniques are implemented to reduce the cost of construction in all aspects.

Economically it is very useful for construction purpose.

Replacement of a material with another material is one type of technique which is

mostly using in now-a-days to reduce the cost. Replacing of cement (or) coarse

aggregates (or) fine aggregates with other materials which is made to be an

economical.

1.2. NEED OF THE PRESENT PROJECT

Cement is the most costlier and energy intensive component of concrete. The unit cost

of concrete can be reduced by partial replacement of cement with SCBA, RHA & SD.

Concrete making with conventional material is becoming costlier day by day. More

over concrete suffers little resistance to cracking. These problems may overcome by

inclusion of these admixtures into concrete.

1.3. MATERIALS USED

1.3.1. Cement

The most common cement used is ordinary Portland cement. Out of the total

production, ordinary Portland cement accounts for about 80-90 percent. Many tests

were conducted to cement (53 Grade) some of them are consistency tests, setting

tests, soundness tests, etc.

1.3.2 Fine Aggregate

Locally available free of debris and nearby river bed sand from ferri river is used as

fine aggregate. The sand particles should also pack to give minimum void ratio,

higher voids content leads to requirement of more mixing water. In the present study

the sand conforms to zone II as per the Indian standards.

1.3.3 Coarse Aggregate

The crushed aggregates used were 20mm nominal maximum size and are tested as per

Indian standards and results are within the permissible limit.

1.3.4 Water

Water available in the college campus conforming to the requirements of water for

concreting and curing as per IS: 456-2000.

2. INTRODUCTION OF ADMIXTURES

From these by-products in concrete production brings a positive effects to the

environment which reduces waste disposals. Since we reduce the cement production

also. AGRO INDUSTRIAL MINERAL ADMIXTURES is a factory which reduces

the emissions generated by the disposal of all by-products.

A Comprehensive Study On Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,

Rice Husk Ash & Stone Dust


Due to these admixtures there is a change in concrete in both physical and

chemical conditions. The physical effects are the mixture which depends on size,

shape, and textures of particle. The chemical effects are capability of providing

aluminous compounds which react chemically in the presence of water like calcium

hydroxide etc., the two scientists namely GOLDMAN &BENTUR Said that by

mixture of these admixtures there is a physical effects are more than the chemical

effects.

The admixtures which are used for the replacement of cement are as follows.

• SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH

• RICE HUSK ASH

• STONE DUST (or) QUARRY DUST

3. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

3.1. GENERAL

The materials used in the experimental work namely cement, Bagasse ash, Rice husk

ash, Stone dust, fine aggregates and coarse aggregate have been in laboratory for use

in mix designs. The details are present below.

3.2. Cement [IS: 2386-1963]

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used in this project.

The general standard values of different tests on cement described below.

Table 1

SL.NO. PARTICULARS OPC 53 GRADE

1. Normal consistency 32%

2. Specific gravity 3.15

3.

Setting time

Initial setting time

Final setting time

45 min

583 min

4. Soundness test of cement 3 mm

5. Fineness of cement 2.33

3.3. FINE AGGREGATE (As per IS: 383)

Aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and up to 0.075mm are considered as fine

aggregate.

3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity of fine aggregate are in a ranges between 2.6 to 2.9.

3.4. COARSE AGGREGATE (As per IS: 383)

Aggregates greater than 4.75mm are considered as coarse aggregates. Generally the

size of coarse aggregates used are 20mm and 10mm.

3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

The specific gravity of coarse aggregates used is 2.427 and 2.474.



3.5. PROPERTIES OF ADMIXTURES

3.5.1. PROPETIES OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH

In our project sugarcane bagasse ash was collected from KCP sugar industries

VUYYURU. The below mentioned SCBA composition was obtained with the help of

Industry.

Table 2

SL.NO. COMPONENTS MASS %

1. SiO2 55.76

2. Fe2O3 0.72

3. Al2O3 1.79

4. CaO 1.68

5. MgO 2.02

Sugarcane bagasse ash was sieved by IS: 300 micron sieve before mixing in

concrete.

3.5.2. PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK ASH [IS: 456-2000] (Clause no.5.2.1.3)

The Rice husk ash was collected from RICE MILL, Jupudi.

Table 3

COMPONENTS OPC RHA

SiO2 20.99 88.32

Al2O3 6.19 0.46

Fe2O3 3.86 0.67

CaO 65.96 0.67

MgO 0.22 0.44

Na2O3 0.17 0.12

K2O 0.60 2.91

LOI 1.73 5.81

Specific gravity 3.00 2.11

Rice husk ash was sieved by IS: 300 micron sieve before mixing in concrete.

3.5.3. PROPERTIES OF STONE DUST [IS: 2386-1963] (part-3)

The Stone dust was collected from QUARRIES, Jupudi.

A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Table 4 (a)

PROPERTY STONE DUST TEST METHOD

Specific gravity 2.54 – 2.60 IS 2386-1963 (part 3)

Bulk relative density (kg/m3) 1720 – 1810 IS 2386-1963 (part 3)

Absorption (%) 1.20 – 1.50 IS 2386-1963 (part 3)

Moisture content (%) Nil IS 2386-1963 (part 3)

Fine particles less than 0.075

mm (%) 12 – 15 IS 2386-1963 (part 1)

Sieve analysis Zone II IS 383 – 1970




B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (OR) COMPOSITION [IS: 4032-1968]

Table 4 (b)

COMPONENTS STONE DUST TEST METHOD

SiO2 62.48 IS: 4032 – 1968

Al2O3 18.72 IS: 4032 – 1968

Fe2O3 6.54 IS: 4032 – 1968

CaO 4.83 IS: 4083 – 1968

MgO 2.56 IS: 4083 – 1968

4. CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONS

Table 5

OPC SCBA RHA SD

100% 0% 0% 0%

94% 2% 2% 2%

88% 4% 4% 4%

82% 6% 6% 6%

76% 8% 8% 8%

70% 10% 10% 10%

6. WORKABILITY

6.5.1 Workability of concrete

Table 6

SL.NO. % REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT SLUMP VALUE (mm)

1. 0% 14

2. 2% 15

3. 4% 17

4. 6% 18

5. 8% 19

6. 10% 20

6.8.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

The compressive strength is evaluated by placing a cubical specimen between the

loading surfaces of compression testing machine of capacity 2000 KN, in such a way

that the smooth surface receives the directly and the load is applied until failure of the

cube, along the sides of the cube. The compressive strength is determined by the ratio

of failure load to the cross sectional area of the specimen.

The compressive strength of concrete has been evaluated by testing four cubes of

size 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm, the testing procedure is shown in fig. (p) & fig. (q).

The results are tabulated in table-7 and the graph is drawn, shown in graph-1.


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Before test:

• Testing of Cubes in compres

% Replacement of cement

7 days

28 days

Graph 1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 2

Co

mp

ress

ive

stre

ng

th v

alu

es (

N/m

m2)

Fig. (p)


CIET/index.asp 168

After test:

Testing of Cubes in compressive testing machine for Compressive Strength

Table 7

0 % 2 % 4 % 6 %

29.44 40.8 31.6 21.5 21.2

34.8 41.6 40 34.5 27.5

Mix Proportion %

4 6 8

7 days 28 days

Fig. (q)


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After test:

sive testing machine for Compressive Strength

8 % 10 %

21.2 20

27.5 22

10

Fig. (q)




6.8.2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

The Split tensile strength of concrete have been evaluated by testing the cylindrical

specimens of size 15 cm diameter and 30 cm length. The testing procedure is shown

in fig. (r) & fig. (s).

The split tensile tests are done by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally

between the loading surface a compression testing machine and the load is applied

until failure of cylinder, along the vertical. The split tensile test values determined for

different specimens from tests are presented in table-8. The result obtained from the

experimental work for 7 & 28 days are shown in the charts as given below.

Before test: After test:

Figure (r) Figure (s)

• Testing of cylinder in compressive testing machine for tensile strength

Table 8

% Replacement of

cement 0 % 2 % 4 % 6 % 8 % 10 %

7 days 2.1 2.7 2.68 2.6 1.8 1.48

28 days 2.86 3.13 3.04 2.76 2.26 2.19


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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0

Ten

sile

str

eng

th v

alu

es (

N/m

m2)

Graph - 2

7. RESULT

CUBES:

Testing values for 7 days

� Normal mix 29.4 N/mm

� Mixture of 2% 40.8 N/mm





Testing values of 28 days







CYLINDERS:






� Mixture of 8% 1.80


CIET/index.asp 170

2 4 6 8

7 days 28 days

Mix Proportion %

Normal mix 29.4 N/mm2

Mixture of 2% 40.8 N/mm2


xture of 6% 21.5 N/mm2







ixture of 8% 27.5 N/mm2








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10




� Mixture of 10% 1.48 N/mm2


� Normal mix 2.86 N/mm2






The Compressive and Tensile strength of cubes & cylinders are increases at 6% which

includes 2% of each admixture, when compared to normal mix &other mix

proportions.

8. CONCLUSIONS

• It has been observed that by the incorporation of SCBA, RHA & SD as a partial

replacement to cement in plain concrete, increases workability when compared to

workability with reference to concrete made without admixtures.

• The mix proportion of 6% replacement of cement with SCBA (2%), RHA (2%) & SD

(2%) showed good properties like Compressive and Tensile strength.

• It has been observed that cement replacement using SCBA, RHA & SD can go up to

8% safely through strength values are less compared to 2% replacement of cement

and is most economically feasible.

9. SCOPE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION

• Experiments can be encouraged with different proportions of replacement of cement

in terms of other mineral and chemical admixtures.

• Durability aspects can also be investigated with different proportions of admixtures.

• Studies can be made when the mixes are exposed to high temperatures.

REFERNCES

[1] Admixtures specifications as per IS:9103

[2] Indian standard Recommended Guidelines for concrete mix design (IS:10262-

1982)

[3] Indian standard Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregate from Natural

sources for concrete (IS:383-1970)

[4] Methods of test for strength of concrete (IS:2386-1963)

[5] Indian standard Ordinary Portland Cement (IS:8112)

[6] Indian standard Plain and Reinforced concrete (IS:456-2000)

[7] Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement (IS:12269-1989)

[8] Minimum grade of cement for different exposures with normal weight

aggregates of 20mm normal maximum size (IS:456-2000) (Clauses 6.1.2,

8.2.4.1, and 9.1.2)

[9] Indian standard Methods of tests for Strength of concrete (IS:516-1959)

[10] Indian standard Methods of tests for Spilt Tensile Strength of Concrete

(IS:5816-1999)

[11] Methods for physical tests on cement (fineness part-2, soundness part-3, setting

time part-5, compressive strength part-6) (IS:4031-1988)



[12] M.S.SHETTY, Concrete Technoloty, S.CHAND & COMPANY Ltd New Delhi.

(Text book) Use of industrial wastes and by products in concrete by SIDDIQUE.

[13] Sagar Dhengare, Sourabh Amrodiya, Mohanish Shelote, Ankush Asati Nikhil

Bandwal, Anand Khangan and Rahul Jichkar, Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse

Ash as A Supplementary Cementitious Material In Concrete and Mortar - A

Review, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(4), 2015,

pp. 94–106.

[14] Richard Onchiri, Kiprotich James, Bernadette Sabuni and Claude Busieney, Use

Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as A Partial Replacement For Cement In

Stabilization of Self-Interlocking Earth Blocks, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 2014, pp. 124–130.

[15] Abeer Sabri Bshara, Er. Y. K .Bind and Prabhat Kumar Sinha, Effect of Stone

Dust On Geotechnical Properties of Poor Soil, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 2013, pp. 37–47.