Airport engineering

Airport Engineering

Fall Semester

Sept 11 to Jan 12Among ten matchmakers Lecture – 2

CE – 241only nine will lieChinese Proverb 1

Transportation Engineering‐1(NIT‐SCEE‐NUST)

Sequence– General

I t d ti• Introduction.

• ICAO and other organizations.

• CAA in PakistanCAA in Pakistan.

• Definitions and aerodrome data.

• Airport and pavement classification number.p p

2Transportation Engineering‐1(NIT‐SCEE‐

NUST)

HistoryHistory• On 17 December 1903, first controlled sustained, power driven and

heavier than air machine was flown by Oliver Wright at Devil Hill,heavier than air machine was flown by Oliver Wright at Devil Hill, Kitty Hawk, North California, USA. It was 10 horse power chain driven machine that remained in air for 10 seconds, travelled a distance of 120 feet at a speed of 48 kmph and attained an altitude of 10 to 12 feetof 10 to 12 feet.

• 10 Aug 1910 saw the first civilian commercial flight in Britain, which was an experimental mail flight from Blackpool. KLM Royal Dutch Airline was founded on 17 Oct 1919, the first scheduled airline in ,the world.

• No one at that time would have imagined the air transport and its impact on society as it is today. B‐747‐400 has a seating capacity of 516 d C d h d d f 2 2 h b bl516 passengers and Concord had a speed of 2.2 mach, probably a birth much before time. Altitudes reach to 45000 ft and scheduled nonstop flight from Los Angeles to Sydney takes 15 hours.

3Transportation Engineering‐1(NIT‐SCEE‐

NUST)

Hartsfield‐Jackson Atlanta International Airport – Georgia, United StatesTotal Passenger: 20,181,931

London Heathrow Airport – United KingdomTotal Passenger: 15,268,609

• Total Passenger: 20 181 931Total Passenger: 20,181,931

Beijing Capital International Airport – ChinaTotal Passenger: 15,153,600

Tokyo International Airport – Japan Total Passenger: 15,180,894


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Juancho E. Yrausquin Airport in Caribbean islandSaba which is the world’s shortest commercialrunway. At only 400 metres, just a quarter of arunway. At only 400 metres, just a quarter of amile, the runway is only slightly longer than theaverage aircraft carrier and jet aircraft .

• The airport which takes up the most land mass, this is the King Fahad International Airport in g pDamman, Saudi Arabia. It takes up some 780 square kilometres ‐ an area larger than many citiescities.


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International OrganizationsInternational Organizations

• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)• OBJECTIVES

– Security ‐ Enhance global civil aviation security

– Environmental Protection ‐Minimize the adverse effect of global civil aviation on the environment

– Efficiency ‐ Enhance the efficiency of aviation operations

– Continuity ‐Maintain the continuity of aviation operations

– Rule of Law ‐ Strengthen law governing international civil aviation

• International Air Transport Association (lATA)

• International Civil Airports Association (ICAA)International Civil Airports Association (ICAA)


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CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)

MISSION

– To provide for the promotion and regulation of civil aviation activities and to develop an infrastructure f f ffi i t d t i l dfor safe, efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinated civil air transport service in Pakistan.


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Duties of CAA

• Strengthening its safety and security oversight role as per International Civil Aviation Organization requirements and standards.

• To facilitate growth of the infrastructure development (Airports and• To facilitate growth of the infrastructure development (Airports and Airport Cities) on a fast‐track basis. Private sector participation in the process is also being encouraged.

• Enhanced Regulatory and air space management capabilities.Enhanced Regulatory and air space management capabilities. Moreover, emphasis is being laid on commercialization of its assets and land with improved customer / passenger service standards, benchmarked with top performing international airports.D l f N A i i P li f h i• Development of a New Aviation Policy for the country in consultation with the Ministry of Defense, Planning Commission, World bank, Airlines, and Aviation Experts (Expected to be considered by the Cabinet for approval shortly).y pp y)

• Investing in Human resource development through structured approach with particular focus on quality of people and enhancing their professional capability.

• Regulates the operation of aerospace industries.


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Important terms• Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any building,

installations, and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

• Aeroplane Reference Field Length. The minimum field length required for takeoff at maximum certified takeoff mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero runway slope, as shown in appropriate aeroplane flight manualshown in appropriate aeroplane flight manual.

• Aircraft Stand. A designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking of an aircraft.

• Apron A defined area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodateApron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purpose of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.

• Clearway. A defined rectangular area on ground or water under the control of appropriate authority selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height.


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Important terms• Runway Strip A defined area including the runway and stop way if

provided intended to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway and to protect once flying over it during landing or takeoff.

• Taxiway Strip An area including a taxiway intended to protect an aircraft operating on a taxiway and to reduce the risk of damage to an aircraft accidentally running off the taxiway.

• Threshold The beginning of that portion of runway useable for landingThreshold. The beginning of that portion of runway useable for landing.• Touchdown Zone. The portion of runway beyond the threshold where it is

intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway.• Aerodrome Reference Point The designated geographical location of an g g g p

aerodrome is called Aerodrome Reference Point. It is located near initial or planned geometric centre and shall normally remain where initially established. It is mentioned in degrees, minutes and seconds in world geodetic system.g y

• Aerodrome Elevation It is the elevation of the highest point of the landing area with reference to mean sea level. Elevation and geodetic undulations, runway thresholds and sufficiently high and low intermediate points on runway depending upon type of approach are also measured forrunway depending upon type of approach are also measured for aerodrome Elevation.


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Important terms• Aerodrome Reference Temperature. It is mentioned in degrees Celsius i.e. C0 which is the monthly mean of daily

maximum temperatures for the hottest month (month having the highestmaximum temperatures for the hottest month (month having the highest monthly mean temperature) of the year, averaged over a period of many years.

• Aerodrome Dimensions and Related InformationThis is regarding facilities which may be best shown on a chart: ‐

a. Runway true bearing, designation, length, width, numbers, obstacle free zones end safety areas etcfree zones, end safety areas etc

b. Taxiway designations, routes, width and surface type.c. Apron surface type and aircraft stands.d Clearway and stop way availabled. Clearway and stop way available.e. Land aids, facilities and systems.f. Geographical coordinates of aircraft stands and various points on

taxiway and runway.


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Strength of PavementsStrength of Pavements• Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) and Pavement Classification

Number (PCN) in ICAO design manuals.( ) g

• “The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of apron (ramp) mass greater thanfor aircraft of apron (ramp) mass greater than 5700 kg shall be made available using the aircraft classification number ‐ pavementaircraft classification number pavement classification number ACN‐PCN method………” (ICAO Annex 14, clause 2.6.2)(ICAO Annex 14, clause 2.6.2)


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What is ACN/PCN?What is ACN/PCN?


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PCN systemPCN system

• Example‐I. PCN 80/R/B/W/T

means bearing strength(80) of the rigid pavement resting on a medium strength sub grade has been assessed by technical evaluation to be PCN 80 and there is no tyre pressure limitation.

• Example‐2. PCN 76/F/C/X/T.


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ACN systemACN system

• ACN number expressing the relative effect of an aircraft on a p gpavement for a specified standard sub grade category and is computed between two pavement types (rigid or flexible), and the subgrade support strength categoryand the subgrade support strength category.


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An aircraft with an ACN equal to or less than PCN can operate on airport pavement with maximum takeoff weight.

INTERNATIONALAIRPORTS in PAKISTAN

RUNWAYS AIRCRAFT PARKING &TAXIWAYSAIRPORTS in PAKISTAN TAXIWAYS

Jinnah International Runway 25R/07L Taxiways ‐ 12.Airport (JIAP)

yPCN 68/R/C/X/U

yParking area ‐ 266,000sq Meters.Parking Stands foraircraft 42aircraft ‐ 42.

Allama IqbalInternational Airport(AIIAP)

Runway 36L/18RPCN 55/F/C/X/T.

Taxiways – 15 (includingat old apron)Parking area 220678‐(AIIAP) Parking area 22067831672 ‐ 189006 sq M.Parking stands foraircraft ‐ 30.

Benazir BhuttoInternational Airport(BBIA)

Runways 30 – 1210800’ X150’ PCN 77

Taxiways – 2Parking stands foraircraft ‐ 5


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