Distributed Generation Environment for the Smart Grid

Contents

Introduction

Forms of renewable energyDistributed generation, its challenges and solutionFeatures of Smart Grid

Components of Smart Grid

AMI and PMUs

Need for Smart grids

Rules of interconnection

Benefits of integration with smart grid

Conclusion

References

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Introduction

The 20th century had seen significant advances in energy

generation, delivery and utilization, but has also

produced tremendous impact on the environment and

natural resources.

• Significant changes must be made to how we generate,

deliver and use energy so as to

– establish sustainable utilization, and

– restore environmental balance.

• Education must occur at all levels:

– researchers;

– workforce;

– consumers.

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Needs of the 21st century

• Decrease fossil fuel consumption

– 85% of today’s energy supply comes from fossil

fuels.

– Transportation and electric generation need to

move away from fossil fuels.

– Fossil fuels are the predominant contributors to

environmental pollution.

(COx, SOx, NOx, particulates)

– Will also lead to energy independence.

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• Increase renewable generation

– 7% of today’s energy supply comes from

renewable sources (hydroelectric,

geothermal, wind, solar, biomass).

– Renewable generation must increase

significantly but responsibly.

• Increase nuclear generation suitably

– 8% of today’s energy supply comes from

nuclear power

– Nuclear generation must increase so that

there is adequate supply from steady

sources.5

Sustainable utilization of resources

• Technological enablers

– Energy efficient buildings with thermal storage

– “Smart” homes and “smart” appliances

– Demand response and load management programs

– Energy efficient transportation: hybrid and electric

vehicles

– Storage and direct conversion technologies

• Growing need for conservation

• Demand profiles will change significantly

– Composition of load is changing

– Load factor is likely to change too

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Forms of renewable energy resources

Wind turbines and wind farms,

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells,

Solar-thermal energy,

Fuel Cells

Geothermal

Wave and tidal energy

Biomass

Micro or mini hydro

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SOLAR REFRIGERATION HYDROPOWER

BIOMASSWAVE ENERGY

Fig 1

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MICROTURBINE FUEL CELL

SOLAR THERMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC

GEOTHERMAL TIDAL POWERFig 2

Distributed Generation

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Distributed Generation (DG) technology

incorporates wind turbines, micro turbines,

photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, energy storage and

synchronous generator applications to supply active

power to distributed systems connected close to the

consumers load. This concept is becoming a major

player for Green House Gases (GHG) mitigation

and power system reliability.

Distributed Energy Resources

• Generating Devices

– Windmills

– PV and solar thermal

– Microturbines

– Fuel cells

– Biomass and biofuels

– Geothermal power

– Tidal and ocean thermal

– Reciprocating engines

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• Storage Devices

– Batteries

– Ultracapacitors

– SMES

– Flywheels

• Combined heat and power

• Interruptible loads

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Comparison between Centralized and

Distributed Generation

13Fig 3

Challenges of Distributed Generation

Intermittent in nature.

Free but not always usable.

Deteroriate system stability.

Less efficiency.

Voltage regulation problem.

Less predictable load patterns – rooftop

solar, electric vehicles, and smart grid

Changing revenue patterns - Decreasing

marginal prices and changes in resource

operational pattern

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Solution to the challenges :

Upgrade existing traditional grid to smart grid.

Smart grid can absorb large fluctuations.

Demand side management and demand response.

Smart systems allow better use of variable

capacitor banks, STATCOM, automatic

reclosures,etc.

SCADA approach to volt/VAR control.

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Smart Grid :Overview

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Coined in 2007 by A. Carvallo.

According to United States Department of

Energy’s modern grid initiative: an intelligent or

smart grid integrates advance sensing

technologies, control methods and integrated

communications into the current electricity grid.

Fig 4. A “Smart” Grid

According to[EPRI 2006]: “The term ‘Smart Grid’ refers to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers…”

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Smart GridIT

Energy

Telecom

Fig 5. Infrastructure of Smart Grid

Traditional and Smart GridTraditional Grid Smart Grid

Electromechanical, solid state Digital/Microprocessor

One way and local two way

communication

Global/Integrated two way

communication

Centralized generation Distributed generation

Limited monitoring, protection and

control systems

Adaptive protection

‘Blind’ Self monitoring

Manual restoration Automated

Check equipment manually Monitor equipment remotely

Limited control system Pervasive control system

Estimated reliability Predictive reliability

18Table 1

Components of Smart Grid

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NERVE *AMI(Meters and network)

*Advanced grid sensing and visualization technology

BRAIN *Demand and Response

*Building energy management system

*MDMS(Meter data management system)

*End-use energy efficiency

MUSCLE *Distributed generation from renewable sources

*energy storage technology

BONE *Transmission line(HVDC, Superconducting)

*New transformers and substation equipment

Table 2. Table for components of Smart Grid system

20Fig 6. Smart grid and the human nervous system

Model of Smart Grid

21Fig 7

Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)

or Smart Meters :

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A smart meter is a digital meter that record energy usage inreal time.

Includes hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, Meter Data Management (MDM) software, and supplier business systems.

Fig 8. A “Smart” Meter

AMI: Two Layers

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1. Transport Layer: 2 components

A. The physical smart meter-replacing the older

mechanical one.

B. AMI Communications network to transport

the data.

2. Application Layer :

Information converted to actionable intelligence via

meter specific applications.

With large numbers of highspeed sensors called PMUsand the ability to compareshapes from alternatingcurrent readingseverywhere on the grid,research suggests thatautomated systems will beable to revolutionize themanagement of powersystems by responding tosystem conditions in arapid, dynamic fashion.

Fig 9. PMU

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Phasor Measurement Units :

Stakeholders

Smart grid

Technology Drivers

Consumers

Utility

Policymakers

Environmental groups

Federal and state

regulators

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Fig 10

Driver’s interactions

Policy

TechnologyMarket

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Fig 11

Policy drivers 1.Energy independence & security

•Decreasing fuel supplies

•On-going dependence on volatile nations

•Raising/volatile fuel costs

2.Economic considerations

•Rising asset costs

•Job creation/business opportunities

3.Environmental considerations

•Awareness of environmental issues (global warming)

•Social pressures (particularly in EU)

4.Regulation & Funding

•Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

•Energy Independence Act of 2007; ARRA: $4B for Smart Grid

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Market Drivers 1.Growing energy (and peak) demand

•Appliances, electronics, data centers, PHEV/BEV introduction

•Demandresponse

2.Increased efficiency thru grid optimization

•Least cost power algorithms at substation distribution

3.Infrastructure reliability & security

•Blackout/brownouts cost $150B annually

•21stcentury power quality (PQ)

•Anticipate and automatically respond to system disturbances

•Network/systems tolerant of natural disaster or attacks

4.Advanced consumer services

•Robust, simple consumer energy management platforms

•Networked devices within the “smart home”

•Active role in efficient power usage & pricing models

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Technology Drivers 1.Alternative energy

•Trends toward distributed resources

•Growing supply of renewablesgeneration and storage

•Intelligent support for intermittent renewablesintegration

2.Smart grid technology advancements

•Convergence of IT, Telecom, and Energy

•Rapid innovation of a range of news products & Solutions

•Significant amount of VC investment

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Need for establishment of smart grids :

Higher penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation.

Extensive and effective communication overlay from generation to consumers.

Use of advanced sensors and high speed control.

Higher operating efficiency.

Greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters.

Automated metering and rapid power restoration.

Provide greater customer participation.

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Integration of DG with Smart Grid

31Fig 12. The integration of DG with Smart Grid

Rules of interconnectionANSI C84.1 defines the acceptable range of voltages on the feeder for

normal and contingency conditions.

• Range –A voltages apply to normal conditions.

– Max service voltage for Range A is 126V, and min service voltage is

114V

• Range B voltages are for contingency or emergency operations, such

as when a feeder is switched to a backup source.

– Max service voltage for Range B is 127V, and min service voltage is

110V

• The nominal substation voltage on the PNM system is 122.0V with a

3V bandwidth for LTP (load tap changing)

• PNM distribution standard calls for no more than a 4% voltage drop

on any secondary circuit serving a customer.

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Benefits of integration with Smart Grid :

Transmission Reliability :

Automated Fault Location

Composite Core Conductor

Advanced System Planning Tools

Dynamic Voltage and VAR Control

Energy Storage for Transmission Reliability

Real Time Voltage Stability Program

Synchrophasors (Transmission)

Convert Manual Switches to Remote SCADA

Operation

Fiber Optic and Wireless Communication System

Spinning Reserve for emergencies

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Distribution Reliability:

• Advanced Ground Fault Detection

• Advanced Weather Station Integration and Forecasting

Capabilities (T&D)

• Wireless Faulted Circuit Indicators

• Phase Identification

• Smart Isolation and Reclosing

• Arc Detection (T&D)

• Outage Management System/Distribution Management

System (Operational Efficiency)

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Looking beyond :

35Fig 13

Conclusion

A Smart Grid impacts all the components

of a power system and generation is

likely to change with a drive towards

more renewable generation. This will

lead to conservation of the environment

and decrease the adverse effects of

pollution. The pressure on the existing

conventional resources will also

decrease.

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References :

Introduction to generation, Euginuisz Rosolawski

Smart Grid, Dr. Gleb V. Tcheslavski

Impact of Distributed Generation on Smart Grid

Transient Stability,Nur Asyik Hidayatullah, Zahir J.

Paracha, Akhtar Kalam

Smart Grid improves the value of Distributed

Generation, Prof. Saifur Rahman

Compensation of impacts of Distributed Generation

using Smart Grid Technology, Manoj Kumar Nigam, A.

Krishna Nag

Smart Grid, Ali Firouzi ,PhD

Smart Grid power system control in distributed

generation environment, Pertti Järventausta, Sami Repo,

Antti Rautiainen,Jarmo Partanen 37

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