Final Project Report2701002 Physics

Electric Cars

Subkhiddin Mukhidinov

Department of Mechanical EngineeringPiraeus University of Applied Sciences

Athens, January 2017

Table of Contents

Executive Summary……………………………………………………….. 3

Abstract………………………………………………………………………… 4

Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 5

History………………………………………………………………………….. 7

Need of Electric Cars………………………………………………………. 8

Parts and working of Electric Cars……………………………………. 10

Electric Cars in Turkey…………………………………………….. …….. 12

Cost Effectiveness…………………………………………………….

…….. 14 Advantages and

Disadvantages………………………………………… 15 Conclusion…………………………………………………………

………….. 19 References

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry.Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment.

Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere, leaving us vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. In order to help positively the environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward. By buying an electric car, you can also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious. Although you may end up paying more for your vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. However there are still two sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.

EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline engine. The only difference comes

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in the fact that in electric vehicles, they have more of them which are used to power the engine.

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ABSTRACT

Regenerative braking is one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies used in electric and hybrid electric vehicles to improve energy efficiency and vehicle stability. This paper presents a systematic data-driven process for detecting and diagnosing faults in the regenerative braking system of hybrid electric vehicles. The diagnostic process involves signal processing and statistical techniques for feature extraction, data reduction for implementation in memory-constrained electronic control units, and variety of fault classification methodologies to isolate faults in the regenerative braking system. The results demonstrate that highly accurate fault diagnosis is possible with the classification methodologies. The process can be employed for fault analysis in a wide variety of systems, ranging from automobiles to buildings to aerospace systems.

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INTRODUCTION

On a worldwide scale, 26% of primary energy is consumed for transport purposes, and 23% of greenhouse gas emissions is energy-related. Street traffic represents a share of 74% in the transport sector worldwide (IPCC data from 2007, as summarized in [1]). The transport sector includes aircraft, ships, trains, and all types of street vehicles (e.g., trucks, buses, cars and two-wheelers). Automobiles play a particular role for three reasons: First, cars are dominating the street traffic in most countries. Second, car sales exhibit the greatest growth rates in the world. Third, there are alternative technologies for the drivetrain available unlike, e.g., for trucks. While small trucks may also be operated electrically within a limited range, big trucks are dependent on diesel fuel, which can be shifted to a mixture of 80% methane (either fossil or biogenic) in the future. Buses can also be driven electrically on limited distances; buses driven by compressed natural gas (methane) are routinely used. While fuel cell-driven buses are already on the streets, small trucks driven by fuel cells and H2 are still concepts.

In Germany, for example, cars are responsible for 60% of all traffic-related CO2 emissions (German Federal Environment ministry number for 2010, summarized in [1]). In the future, traffic is expected to grow enormously worldwide, particularly in developing Asian countries. The worldwide vehicle stock of 630 million may grow to one billion in 2030 (data from Shell 2007, reviewed by Angerer et al. [2]). Vehicle production is

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expected to grow from 63 to 100 million cars per year until 2030 [2]. In addition to the CO2 emissions, modern internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) still have dangerous toxic emissions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [3], air pollution is a major environmental risk for health and is estimated to cause approximately two million premature deaths worldwide per year. Since ozone, fine dust, NO2, and SO2 have been identified by WHO as being the most dangerous kinds which are mainly, or to a substantial extent, traffic-derived, traffic will be responsible for approximately half of that quantified costs in lives and health. Toxic ICEV emissions cause high health costs even in industrialized countries: Almost 25% of the European Union (EU)-25 population live less than 500 m from a road carrying more than three million vehicles per year. Consequently, almost four million years of life are lost each year due to high pollution levels (press release European Environmental Agency, 26 February 2007).

In order to meet future mobility needs, reduce climate as well as health relevant emissions, and phase out dependence on oil (‘peak oil’), today's propulsion technologies have to be replaced by more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives. On the transition to a sustainable society, particularly efficient mobility technologies are needed worldwide. Electric vehicles have been identified as being such a technology [4]. In parallel, a couple of countries (like Germany, Denmark, and Sweden) have decided to switch electricity production from fossil fuel to renewable sources,

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further improving sustainability of electric cars when compared with ICEV.

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HISTORY

At the beginning of the automobile's history, two main competing approaches to engine-driven vehicles existed: one with internal combustion engine (ICE) and another one with an electric drivetrain. Already in 1834, the American inventor Thomas Parker built the first electric car. The first ICEV was developed in 1886 by Benz and Daimler in Germany. Around the year 1900, electric cars had a significant share of all engine-driven cars. At the same time, F. Porsche already invented a hybrid electric car equipped with an ICE range extender and wheel hub electric engines. The two different drive trains were competing until Henry Ford, in 1908, chose an ICEV for the first mass production of a car in history (summarized in [5]). This way, ICEV won the race early in the twentieth century and displaced the battery electric vehicles (BEV). From an environmental perspective, this may have been one of the biggest mistakes in the history of technology.

Concluding, the BEV does not represent recent ‘high tech’, but a comparatively simple technical concept, meanwhile available as a series product for more than 110 years. Accordingly, e-conversion, which is the conversion of new or used ICEV to electric cars, can easily be implemented by experienced personnel. In contrast, the modern lithium-ion battery technology, prerequisite for the everyday life practicability of most BEV, is related to very recent technical

improvements.

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NEED OF ELECTRIC CARS

We already have the technology we need to cure our addiction to oil, stabilize the climate and maintain our standard of living, all at the same time. By transitioning to sustainable technologies, such as solar and wind power, we can achieve energy independence and stabilize human-induced climate change.

Increasing transportation efficiency is the best place to start efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a primary culprit in global warming.

My electric vs. internal combustion engine chart shows the overwhelming advantages of electric cars — plug-in hybrid vehicles and all-electric vehicles (EVs) — over gasoline vehicles. With gasoline-electric hybrid power and all-electric power, we can achieve significant cost and environmental

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savings. By adding more batteries and recharging capability to gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, we can have plug-in hybrids that offer the range of hybrids (500 miles or more), plus the benefit of all-electric power for short trips, which dramatically reduces the amount of gasoline used. EVs require no gasoline whatsoever and, when recharged from renewable energy sources, produce zero total emissions.

In fact, even if we switched from gasoline cars to EVs and plug-in hybrids recharged by our existing utility grids (which mostly use fossil fuels), we would see a 42 percent national average reduction in CO2 emissions [6].

As we approach the peak of world oil extraction and witness the consequences of climate change, it is important to reflect on how the world’s most technologically advanced nation came to base its economy on the use of polluting, finite resources. It is also important to recognize that corporations exist, for the most part, for one reason: to make money. This gives us, the consumer, the ultimate power to shape corporate behavior through how we spend our money.

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PARTS AND WORKING OF ELECTRIC CARS

All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a charging station or wall outlet to charge. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.

Key Components of an All-Electric Car

Battery (auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to start the car before the traction battery is engaged and to power vehicle accessories.

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Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxilliary battery.Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It regulates battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, or other components.Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.Transmission: Transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or electric traction motor to drive the wheels. {7}

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ELECTRIC CARS IN TURKEY

The automotive industry in Turkey is quite large, with OSD, the Automotive Manufacturers Association, representing 15 manufacturers, stating that in 2010 the automotive industry was the largest country export sector at 15.3%.

Despite the large automotive industry, the Turkish hybrid and electric vehicle (H&EV) market is in a beginning phase.In 2009, 19.8% of the total energy consumption of Turkey was attributable to transportation, and 83.6% of that figure was from road transportation. Awareness of environmental issues and clean vehicles is increasing in Turkish industries, research and development (R&D) organizations, and society as a whole. The outlook is positive for hybrid and electric vehicles in Turkey over the next decade due to interest from the automotive companies in introducing these vehicles and the

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strategy documents and action plans of the various Turkish ministries.The National Automotive Technology Platform that includes a broad spectrum of stakeholders is determining a vision for the Turkish automotive industry. Turkey’s current situation and short-term policies indicate that the number of R&D projects related to electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, fuel cells, energy storage, and alternative fuels will continue to increase.Turkish policies and legislation are encouraging reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improved air quality. The national government aims to fully cohere with European Union legislation, including in the areas of transport and reductions for CO2. On the national level, Turkey has new vehicle legislation and is also conducting many studies to prepare new regulations and legislation to reduce GHG emissions and improve air quality. More hybrids, electric vehicles and low-CO2-emitting vehicles will no doubt be seen in the market and on the roads in the coming years because of greater awareness about clean vehicles and the environment. {8}

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COST EFFECTIVENESS

The best solution for emissions remorse is to do away with your car's tailpipe altogether. With several affordable and practical electric cars hitting the U.S. market in the next two years, it's going to be easier for everyday consumers to get charged up and hit the road. But, there are more benefits to switching to an electric car than just cutting tailpipe emissions. Best of all, those benefits will likely end up in your wallet. While electric cars will cost more up front than their gasoline-powered compatriots, in the long run, they may be cheaper to operate.

The biggest savings will be in fuel. A gallon of regular gas today costs an average of $2.70, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Residential electricity costs on the other hand, only average $.11 per kilowatt hour

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(again, according to the EIA). Nissan says a full charge of their Nissan Leaf electric car will cost $2.75.

It seems like the cost is about the same, but you've got to dig into the math more: on a full charge, a Nissan Leaf will travel about 100 miles (160.9 kilometers). On one gallon of gas, a Nissan Versa will go about 30 miles (48.3 kilometers). Covering 100 miles (160.9 kilometers) in the Versa will cost about $9.00.

Most electric cars also let you save by choosing when they charge. You can set the Versa, as well as plug-in hybrids from Ford and other automakers, to charge only during off-peak hours, bringing down your electricity costs. And, though an in-home charging station for the Leaf costs about $2,000, the EPA estimates that a Nissan Versa will cost $1,359 per year in gas. So, in a little over 18 months, the savings on the Leaf should pay for the charging system.

These numbers don't take into account insurance and maintenance costs, but the costs of running an electric car electric car -- just getting the energy required to move it down the road -- looks a lot lower than the cost to run a conventional car. {9}

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEAGES

Advantages of an Electric CarAn electric car is a great way for you, as a consumer, to save a lot of money on gas.However, there are so many different

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reasons why you should invest in an electric car in the modern day of technology.

1. No Gas Required: Electric cars are entirely charged by the electricity you provide, meaning you don’t need to buy any gas ever again. Driving fuel based cars can burn a hole in your pocket as prices of fuel have gone all time high. With electric cars, this cost can be avoided as an average American spends $2000 – $4000 on gas each year. Though electricity isn’t free, an electric car is far cheaper to run.2. Savings: These cars can be fuelled for very cheap prices, and many new cars will offer great incentives for you to get money back from the government for going green. Electric cars can also be a great way to save money in your own life.3. No Emissions: Electric cars are 100 percent eco-friendly as they run on electrically powered engines. It does not emit toxic gases or smoke in the environment as it runs on clean energy source. They are even better than hybrid cars as hybrids running on gas produce emissions. You’ll be contributing to a healthy and green climate.4. Popularity: EV’s are growing in popularity. With popularity comes all new types of cars being put on the market that are each unique, providing you with a wealth of choices moving forward.5. Safe to Drive: Electric cars undergo same fitness and testing procedures test as other fuel powered cars. In case an accident occurs, one can expect airbags to open up and

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electricity supply to cut from battery. This can prevent you and other passengers in the car from serious injuries.6. Cost Effective: Earlier, owing an electric car would cost a bomb. But with more technological advancements, both cost and maintenance have gone down. The mass production of batteries and available tax incentives have further brought down the cost, thus, making it much more cost effective.7. Low Maintenance: Electric cars runs on electrically powered engines and hence there is no need to lubricate the engines. Other expensive engine work is a thing of past. Therefore, the maintenance cost of these cars has come down. You don’t need to send it to service station often as you do a normal gasoline powered car.8. Reduced Noise Pollution: Electric cars put curb on noise pollution as they are much quieter. Electric motors are capable of providing smooth drive with higher acceleration over longer distances.Many owners of electric cars have reported positive savings of up to tens of thousands of dollars a year. Considering the demand for oil will only be going up as the supplies run out, an electric car will most likely be the normal mode of transportation in the coming future. Companies like Nissan and Tesla offer great electric models with an outstanding amount of benefits for people who decide to invest. You’ll be saving not only yourself, but also your family a huge amount of money. The environmental impactof an electric car is zero, as

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well – meaning you’re reducing your carbon footprint and positively affecting the economy.

Disadvantages of an Electric CarAlthough the evidence of the positives has become very clear, there are also some downsides that each individual needs to consider before they decide to make an electric car their next big investment. These reasons are:1. Recharge Points: Electric fuelling stations are still in the development stages. Not a lot of places you go to on a daily basis will have electric fuelling stations for your vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long trip and run out of a charge, you may be stuck where you are.2. Electricity isn’t Free: Electric cars can also be a hassle on your energy bill if you’re not considering the options carefully. If you haven’t done your research into the electric car you want to purchase, then you may be making an unwise

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investment. Sometimes electric cars require a huge charge in order to function properly – which may reflect poorly on your electricity bill each month.3. Short Driving Range and Speed: Electric cars are limited by range and speed. Most of these cars have range about 50-100 miles and need to be recharged again. You just can’t use them for long journeys as of now, although it is expected to improve in future.4. Longer Recharge Time: While it takes couple of minutes to fuel your gasoline powered car, an electric car take about 4-6 hours to get fully charged. Therefore, you need dedicated power stations as the time taken to recharge them is quite long.5. Silence as Disadvantage: Silence can be a bit disadvantage as people like to hear noise if they are coming from behind them. An electric car is however silent and can lead to accidents in some cases.6. Normally 2 Seaters: Most of the electric cars available today are small and 2 seated only. They are not meant for entire family and a third person can make journey for other two passengers bit uncomfortable.7. Battery Replacement: Depending on the type and usage of battery, batteries of almost all electric cars are required to be changed every 3-10 years.8. Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power: As electric cars need power to charge up, cities already facing acute power shortage are not suitable for electric cars.The

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consumption of more power would hamper their daily power needs.9. Some governments do not provide money saving initiatives in order to encourage you to buy an electric car.10. Some base models of electric cars are still very expensive because of how new they are and the technology it took to develop them.Just because there is a variety of factors doesn’t mean they have to be overwhelming.Doing a fair bit of research into different models, and maybe even hybrids, will help you make an accurate decision moving forward. However, no matter how you look at it, an electric car can save our precious environment.

CONCLUSION

The electric car seems to be a suitable instrument and a sustaining measure towards a more sustainable mobility future since it is four times more energy efficient compared to ICEV. Therefore, it is seen as a milestone towards a ‘Great Transformation’ [4]. The TTW efficiency advantage of BEV over ICEV, together with the efficiency jump by Li-ion batteries, enable the electrification of the automobile as long as it is moved in regional ranges of up to 100 km per day. However, WTW efficiency of electric cars can reach exemplary figures only when electricity is provided by very efficient power plants and infrastructure, best with renewable energy production. Also, electric cars should be incorporated into a variety of modern mobility concepts (e.g., [10]).

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Energy efficiency of an FCV propelled with hydrogen is only slightly lower compared to BEV; however, a lot of energy is lost during production and provision of compressed H2 even in the case of water electrolysis powered with renewable electricity. Also, hydrogen filling station infrastructure is missing and would be very expensive to build up, different to the charging infrastructure needed for electric cars.

Life cycle assessment of electric car mobility according to the literature already available is complex. Most LCA data deal with the global warming potential. Since CO2-equivalents emission during the operation is dominating the LCA in total, an electric car can already have ecoefficiency advantages when charged with grid electricity (500 to 600 g CO2/kWh presumed). However, charging the electric car with renewable electricity (30 g CO2/kWh) improves its LCA performance significantly. Ecoimpact of smaller BEV is also much better according to the high ecoimpact of the battery, which must increase parallel to the size of the car. Some LCA studies published so far modeled quite heavy BEV, which are additionally assumed to drive periodically at higher speeds, both inefficient for a BEV. In contrast, a small BEV like the electrified Smart presented here and moved locally as well as regionally only can have the most beneficial CO2-impact. During an e-conversion of a used car, as shown with the Smart, life cycle CO2 emissions can be reduced by more than 80% compared to that known from ICEV. However, this is a first estimation under optimistic assumptions (e.g., battery

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lifetime), which is planned to be critically reviewed in a more detailed model later.Life cycle impact of BEV in categories other than the global warming potential reveals a complex picture, although BEV demonstrates advantages over ICEV in most categories. Althaus [11] even concludes that ‘carbon footprint is not sufficient as environmental performance indicator’ here. One disadvantage of BEV is the acidification potential associated with the smelting processes of Cu, Ni, and Co since a lot of Cu and, in some battery types, Ni and Co also are essential elements of electrical components. Additionally, there are acidifying emissions of coal-fired power plants depending on the local value of this type of power production. However, to what extent the local nearly zero-emission advantage of electric cars is incorporated into LCA models is still a question. Toxic emissions like NOx and fine dust are today shifted to power plants through the use of BEV (quantified in [1]), where it is easier to limit and control them. The BEV advantage of a much lower noise emission, for example, is not appreciated so far (a guideline is in preparation).

REFERENCES

1. Helmers E: Bewertung der Umwelteffizienz moderner Autoantriebe – auf dem Weg vom Diesel-PKW-Boom zu Elektroautos. Umweltwiss Schadst Forsch. 2010, 22: 564–578. 10.1007/s12302-010-0158-x

2. Angerer G, Marscheider-Weidemann F, Wendl M, Wietschel M: Lithium for future technologies - demand and supply with special emphasis on electric vehicles (in German).[http://www.elektromobilitaet.fraunhofer.de/Images/]

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3. WHO:Air quality and health. [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html]

4. German advisory council on global change (WBGU): World in transition:A social contract for sustainability. [http://www.wbgu.de/fileadmin/templates/dateien/veroeffentlichungen/hauptgutachten/jg2011/wbgu_jg2011_en.pdf]

5. Helmers E: Bitte wenden Sie jetzt – das Auto der Zukunft. Wiley VCH, Weinheim; 2009:204.

6. Research by Peter Lilienthal - National Renewable Energy Laboratory

7. U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work

8. International Energy Agency – Turkey

http://www.ieahev.org/by-country/turkey/

9. Jamie Page Deaton "Are Electric Cars Cheaper to Run?" 6 December 2011.HowStuffWorks.com. <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/are-electric-cars-cheaper-to-run.htm>

10. Canzler W, Knie A: Einfach aufladen – mit Elektromobilität in eine saubere Zukunft. Oekom Verlag, München; 2011. 121 pp 121 pp

11. Althaus HJ: Comparative assertion of battery electric cars with various alternatives. [http://empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/109103]

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