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What is a Battery System? electroferocious.com April 2015 Photo credit: CC-BY Arrows by Dean Hochman/Flickr

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What is aBattery System?

electroferocious.com April 2015

Photo credit: CC-BY Arrows by Dean Hochman/Flickr

What is a battery system?

Elements of a battery systemA simplified architecture

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Learning objective: Understand terminology and concepts relating tobattery system design elements and architecture

Elements of a battery system

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What is a battery system?The mechanical layer of a battery system providescontainment and protection for the battery cells andthe surrounding environment. Examples include:

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Mechanical LayerProvides protection and containment

physically holding the cells in place

protection from humidity

isolation or mitigation of shock and vibration

What is a battery system?The electrical layer of a battery system connects theelectrical components of the battery system togetherand is a pathway for the movement of charge withinthe battery system and to its terminals. Examplesinclude:

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Electrical LayerElectrical connection and pathway

battery cells

electrical interconnects between the cells

battery system terminals (+) and (-)

What is a battery system?It is very easy to use the word “battery” to refer to anentire battery system, leading to confusion when oneperson says or writes”battery meaning battery system”and another person responds with “battery meaningbattery cell”. Examples of battery cells include:

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Battery cellsElectrical connection and pathway

AA, AAA, and D cells for flashlights

18650, pouch, or the prismatics used in cellphones

What is a battery system?The management layer provides supervisory control ofall aspects of a battery system. This includes chargemanagement, thermal management, safety, andperformance management. The canonical example isthe BMS or battery management system.

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Management layerProvides supervisory control of the battery system

What is a battery system?The communications layer allows information about thestate of the battery system to be shared internally and withthe outside world. It also allows control inputs to beinjected into the battery system. This layer is somewhatredundant when a well-designed BMS is in place. Oneexample is the export of data about the battery systemstate of charge, charging, and load profile to a centralizedmonitoring system overseeing multiple battery systeminstallations.

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Communications layerShares and/or injects battery system data and commands

What is a battery system?The monitoring layer is responsible for perceiving thestate of the battery system and its components. Thisfunction is typically integrated with the BMS, howeversome systems use a monitoring system and include arudimentary BMS that toggles battery systembehavior. Examples include:

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Monitoring layerPerceives system-generated data

thermal monitoring using sensors

voltage monitoring using sensors

A simplified architecture

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What is a battery system?

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The simplified battery systemarchitecture at the righthighlights the concept ofmodular design in grid-scalebattery systems. Not shownare components which areincluded (or not) in a variety ofdifferent configurations suchas:  blowers or cooling pipesfor an actively cooled batterysystem;  battery managementsystem; communicationsand/or monitoring systems.

Battery system architecture

What is a battery system?

A battery system is an arrangementof battery cells together with theirmechanical, electrical, thermal,management, and monitoringcomponents for the purpose ofstoring and releasing on demandelectrical energy.

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