Sanjivani K.B.P.Polytechnic, Kopargoan.

Seminar ReportOn

Cloud Computing

Submitted by

Guided By

Mr. S. A. Patil

For the subject

Professional Practice II

In The Academic Year

2016-17

Name Roll No.

Miss. Rathi Sejal G. 56

Miss. Tamboli Tamanna K. 65

Miss.Pande Rutuja A. 49

CONTENTS             

Introduction                                                                                         History                                                                                            

Architectural Considerations                                                          Cloud Platform                                                                          Cloud Storage                                                                            Cloud Services                                                                          

Types of Services                                                                                Software as a Service(SaaS)                                                  Platform as a Service(PaaS)                                                  Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)                                        

Conclusion

Reference                                                                                          

  

INTRODUCTIONCloud computing is Internet based development and use of computer technology. In concept, it is a paradigm shift whereby details are abstracted from the users who no longer need knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. It typically involves the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet.

The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it conceals. Typical cloud computing

services provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers.

These services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that is often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and diagrams.

"Cloud Computing" refers to the use of Internet based computer technology for a variety of services. It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis, at a fraction of the cost of provisioning a traditional Data Center based solution. All the costs associated with setting up a data center such as procuring a building, hardware, redundant power supply, cooling systems, upgrading electrical supply, and maintaining a separate Disaster Recovery site can be passed on to a third party vendor. Since the customer is charged only for computer services used, cloud computing costs are a fraction of traditional technology expenditures.

                         As a metaphor for the Internet, "the cloud" is a familiar cliché, but when combined with "computing," the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated version of utility computing: basically virtual servers available over the Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything we consume outside the firewall is "in the cloud," including conventional outsourcing.

Cloud computing comes into focus only when we think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities.

                                     

    

History

The Cloud is a term that borrows from telephony. Up to the 1990s, data circuits (including those that carried Internet traffic) were hard-wired between destinations. Then, long-haul telephone companies began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) service for data communications. Telephone companies were able to offer VPN-based services with the same guaranteed bandwidth as fixed circuits at a lower cost because they could switch traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, thus utilizing their overall network bandwidth more effectively. As a result of this arrangement, it was impossible to determine in advance precisely which paths the traffic would be routed over. The term "telecom cloud" was used to describe this type of networking, and cloud computing is in concept somewhat similar.

The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that date back to the 1960s. In 1997, the first academic definition was provided by Ramnath K. Chellappa who called it a computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits. The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" began to appear more widely, although most of the focus at that time was limited to SaaS.

In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and their associates. They applied many technologies developed by companies such as Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They

also provided the concepts of "on demand" or SaaS with their real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is that it is customizable by customers with limited technical support required. Business users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting flexibility and speed.

In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto, which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.

Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby, small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and easier, Amazon started providing access to their systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility computing basis in 2005.

In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them", and observed that" organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas."

Common used measureable parameters (upon which the application is charged for):

CPU Usage. External network usage (the amount of data transferred from and to

the server).

Data transactions (the # of transactions and the amount of data sent/received).

Clouds as a Services Supermarket Amazon Web Services Google Facebook Force.com  

Architectural Considerations

Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services.This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.

                   Cloud Storage:

It’s a method of managing our data (files, photos, music, video, whatever, etc…) from one or more web based solutions.  Rather than keeping our data primarily on hard drives that are tethered to our computers or other devices, we keep it “in the cloud” where it may be accessible from any number of devices.

Cloud Services:

A Cloud Service is an independent piece of software which can be used in conjunction with other services to achieve an interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over the network. Examples include Amazon’s Simple Queue Service, Google maps, Amazon’s flexible payment service etc.

Types of Services

Cloud computing can describe services being provided at any of the traditional layers from hardware to applications. In practice, cloud service providers tend to offer services that can be grouped into three categories: software as a service, platform as a service, and infrastructure as a service.

Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services multiple end users or client organizations. The most widely known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though many other examples have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic business services including email and word processing. Although salesforce.com preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few years, it now operates by leveraging its companion force.com, which can be defined as a platform as a service.

Platform as a service (PaaS):

Platform as a service encapsulates a layer of software and provides it as a service that can be used to build higher-level services. There are at least two perspectives on PaaS depending on the perspective of the producer or consumer of the services:• Someone producing PaaS might produce a platform by integrating an OS, middleware, application software, and even a development environment that is then provided to a customer as a service. • Someone using PaaS would see an encapsulated service that is presented to them through an API. The customer interacts with the platform through the API, and the platform does what is necessary to manage and scale itself to provide a given level of service. Virtual appliances can be classified as instances of PaaS. A content switch appliance, for example, would have all of its component software hidden from the customer, and only an API or GUI for configuring and deploying the service provided to them.PaaS offerings can provide for every phase of software development and testing, or they can be specialized around a particular area such as content management. Commercial examples of PaaS include the Google Apps Engine, which serves applications on Google’s infrastructure. PaaS services such as these can provide a powerful basis on which to deploy applications, however they may be constrained by the capabilities that the cloud provider chooses to deliver.

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):

Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers, and other systems are pooled and made available to handle workloads that range from application components to high-performance computing applications. Commercial examples of IaaS include Joyent, whose main product is a line of virtualized servers that provide a highly available on-demand infrastructure.

Cloud Computing Basics:

Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers On-demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more reliable, Available and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself consists Of physical machines in the data centers of cloud providers. Virtualization is provided On top of these physical machines. These virtual machines are provided to the Cloud users. Di_erent cloud provider provides cloud services of di_erent abstractionlevel. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level details where Google App-Engine provides a development platform for the developers to develop their applications. So the cloud services are divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform as a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services are available over the Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the singlepoint of access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture addresses di_culties of large scale data processing.

Types of CloudCloud can be of three types

1. Private Cloud:

This type of cloud is maintained within an organization andused solely for their internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big term in this scenario. Many companies are moving towards this setting and experts consider this is the 1st step for an organization to move into cloud. Security, bandwidth are not critical issues for private cloud.

2. Public Cloud: In this type an organization rents cloud services from cloudprovider’s on-demand basis. Services provided to the users using utility computing model.

3. Hybrid Cloud:This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal or externalcloud. This is the scenario when an organization moves to public cloudcomputing domain from its internal private cloud.

Conclusion

In order to benefit the most from cloud computing, developers must be able to refactor their applications so that they can best use the architectural and deployment paradigms that cloud computing supports. The benefits of deploying applications using cloud computing include reducing run time and response time, minimizing the risk of deploying physical infrastructure, lowering the cost of entry, and increasing the pace of innovation.

Reduce run time and response timeFor applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs, cloud computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to accomplish a task in 1/1000 the time that a single server would require. The New York Times example cited previously is the perfect example of what is essentially a batch job whose run time was shortened considerably using the cloud.

Minimize infrastructure riskIT organizations can use the cloud to reduce the risk inherent in purchasing physical servers. When pushing an application out to the cloud, scalability and the risk of purchasing too much or too little infrastructure becomes the cloud provider’s issue. In a growing number of cases, the cloud provider has such a massive amount of infrastructure that it can absorb the growth and workload spikes of individual customers, reducing the financial risk they face.

Lower cost of entryThere are a number of attributes of cloud computing that help to reduce the cost to enter new markets:• Because infrastructure is rented, not purchased, the cost is controlled, and the capital investment can be zero. In addition to the lower costs of purchasing compute cycles and storage “by the sip,” the massive scale of cloud providers helps to minimize cost, helping to further reduce the cost of entry.

Increased pace of innovation

Cloud computing can help to increase the pace of innovation. The low cost of entry to new markets helps to level the playing field, allowing start-up companies to deploy new products quickly and at low cost. This allows small companies to compete more effectively with traditional organizations whose deployment process in enterprise datacenters can be significantly longer.

In short Cloud Computing is the fastest growing part of network based

computing. It Provides tremendous benefits to customers of all sizes: › simple users,› developers,› enterprises

All types of organizations.

References

1. http://blog.monitis.com/index.php/2009/09/09/3-types-of-cloud-computing-services/

2. Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds". The Economist. 2009-10-15.

3. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206 4. Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing 5. Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-

business 6. Gruman, Galen (2008-04-07). "What cloud computing really

means". InfoWorld. 7. video on YouTube by sagar Jain8. http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-

computing-reality_1.html