Nanowire battery

PRESENTED BY: ROUNAK GOYANKA

SEMINAR ON:

NANOWIRE BATTERY

GUIDED BY: PROF S.B.BODKHE

RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS

• Primary vs secondary batteries• Standard modern batteries• Battery types• Advantages & Disadvantages of Li-ion • Silicon nanowire• Advantage• Disadvantage• Future scope• References

Primary vs. SecondaryBatteries

Primary batteries are disposable because their electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.

Secondary batteries are rechargeable, because their electrochemical reaction can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the battery in the opposite direction of the discharge.

Standard Modern Batteries

Zinc-Carbon: used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them that serves as the electrolyte. (disposable)

Alkaline: used in common Duracell and Energizer batteries, the electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte. (disposable)

Lead-Acid: used in cars, the electrodes are lead and lead-oxide, with an acidic electrolyte. (rechargeable)

Battery types

NICKEL-CADMIUM(NiCd)

NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE(NiMH)

LITHIUM-ION(Li-ion)

RECHARGEABLE RECHARGEABLE RECHARGEABLE

MEMORY EFFECT NO MEMORY EFFECT NO MEMORY EFFECT

Lithium -Ion Battery Development

In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its instability rendered it unsafe and impractical. Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.

The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower energy density than Lithium metal, but is much safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991.

Advantages of Using Li-Ion Batteries

POWER – High energy density means greater power in a smaller package.• 160% greater than NiMH

• 220% greater than NiCd

HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to power complex mechanical devices.

LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per month.• 10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd

Disadvantages of Li-Ion

EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd. DELICATE -- battery temp must be monitored

from within (which raises the price), and sealed particularly well.

REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries in bulk (which also raises the price). • Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material• UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)

“Nano” Science and Technology

1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometersThe attempt to manufacture and control objects at the atomic and molecular level (i.e. 100 nanometers or smaller).1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9)

Silicon: an optimal anode material

Graphite energy density: 372 mA h/g

C6 LiC6

Silicon energy density: 4200 mA h/g

Si Li4.4Si

Silicon NW Anode

Structurally stable after many cycles 10 x energy density of current anodes Silicon film gets pulverized from volume changes. Si NW can accommodate volume change.

Experimental Technique NW growth on stainless steel by vapor-liquid-solid

(VLS) technique Crystalline Si Core-shell (core = crystalline Si, shell = amorphous Si)

Test current-voltage characteristics over many charge/discharge cycles using cyclic voltammetry

C

Si NW onStainless steel

Li metal

Electrolyte

V

13Experimental Results

Chan et. al., Nature Nanotech, 2007

Charge and discharge capacity per cycle




Dramatic (~10x) improvement in charging capacity over graphite!




No decrease in capacity beyond first charge cycle!



Study of reaction dynamics:Near capacity charging at high reaction rates



Study of reaction dynamics:Near capacity charging at high reaction rates

Even one hour cycle time is much better than a fully charged graphite anode!

Graphite

18

Technological Comparison

Technology Power density

Energy density

Lifetime Efficiency

Fuel cells Low/moderate

High Low/moderate

Moderate

Supercapacitors Very high Low High High

Nanogenerators Very low Unlimited Unknown Low

Li-ion w/ graphite

Moderate Moderate Moderate High

Li-ion w/ Si NW Moderate High Under investigation

High

Fuel Cells:

Smithsonian Institution, 2008

19

Technological ComparisonSupercapacitors:

Maxwell Technologies, 2009


Energy density

Lifetime Efficiency


High Low/moderate

Moderate

Supercapacitors

Very high Low High High

Nanogenerators Very low Unlimited Unknown Low

Li-ion w/ graphite



High

20

Technological Comparison

Piezoelectric nanogenerators: Wang, ZL, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2008


Energy density

Lifetime Efficiency


High Low/moderate

Moderate

Supercapacitors Very high Low High High

Nanogenerators

Very low Unlimited Unknown Low

Li-ion w/ graphite



High

21

Technological Comparison Energy and power density

Only fuel cells and batteries can be primary power supply Among those, Si NW batteries are optimal

Lifetime and efficiency Batteries last about as long as typical electronic components Energy efficiency of electrochemical devices is generally high


Energy density

Lifetime Efficiency


High Low/moderate

Moderate

Supercapacitors

Very high Low High High

Nanogenerators

Very low Unlimited Unknown Low

Li-ion w/ graphite



High

22Economics of

Nanowire Batteries Silicon is abundant and cheap

Leverage extensive silicon production infrastructure Don’t need high purity (expensive) Si Nanowire growth substrate is also current

collector Leads to simpler/easier battery design/manufacture

(one step synthesis) Nanowire growth is mature and

scalable technique J.-G. Zhang et al., “Large-Scale Production of Si-

Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Applications” (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

9 sq. mi. factory = batteries for 100,000 cars/day

23Lifetime Issues

Initial capacity loss after first cycle (17%) Cause still unknown?

Capacity stable at ~3500 Ah/kg for 20 cycles Can’t yet maintain theoretical 4200 Ah/kg

Crystalline-Amorphous Core-Shell Nanowires (2009) Energy Density: ~1000 Ah/kg (3x)

90% retention, 100 cycles Power Density: ~6800 A/kg (20x)

Why Are Nanowires Batteries Not Being Implemented?

Nanowire are not being heavily manufactured because they are still in the development stage and are only produced in the laboratory.

Until production has been streamlined, made easier and faster, they will not be heavily manufactured for commercial purposes.

Advantages

The small NW diameter allows for better accommodation of the large volume changes without the initiation of fracture that can occur in bulk or micron-sized materials.

NWs have direct 1D electronic pathways allowing for efficient charge transport.

In nanowire electrodes the carriers can move efficiently down the length of each wire.

Nanowires can be grown directly on the metallic current collector.

Protects from explosions. High storage capacity(4200mAh).

Disadvantage

NWs must be assembled into a composite containing conducting carbon and binders to maintain good electronic conduction throughout.

It is expensive. Only anodes are manufactured by nanowires.

Future scope

In future, ordinary batteries will be replaced by Nanowire based batteries completely.

By the use of Nanowire batteries in future, we can have devices having high battery life.

By invention of some new mechanism and technology , we can get Nanowire batteries have more than 10times the ordinary battery.

References Porous Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anode

with Long Cycle Life Mingyuan Ge, Jiepeng Rong, Xin Fang, and Chongwu Zhou

C. K. Chan, R. Huggins, Y. Cui and co-workers Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 (2008)

Nanowire Batteries for Next Generation Electronics Candace K. Chan, Stephen T. Connor, Yuan Yang, Ching-Mei Hsu, Robert A. Huggins, and Yi Cui

Electrochemical Nanowire Devices for Energy Storage Liqiang Mai, Qiulong Wei, Xiaocong Tian, Yunlong Zhao, and Qinyou An IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014

Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology Toronto, Canada, August 18-21, 2014 High-Rate Lithium-ion Battery Anodes Based on Silicon-Coated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers Steven A. Klankowski, Gaind P. Pandey, Brett A. Cruden, Jianwei Liu, Judy Wu, Ronald A. Rojeski and Jun Li, Member, IEEE

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